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Human Anatomy and Physiology > CH 3: Skeletal System > Flashcards

CH 3: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the skeleton system (4)

A
  • Bones (skeleton)
  • Joints
  • Cartilages
  • Ligaments
  • Tendon (?????)
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2
Q

bone to bone

A

ligaments

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3
Q

bone to muscle

A

tendon

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4
Q

bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

A
  • Axial skeleton
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5
Q

bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder and hip

A
  • Appendicular skeleton
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6
Q

Skeletal system is divided into two divisions

A

Axial skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton

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7
Q

Difference between Axial Skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton

A
  • Axial skeleton: bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
  • Appendicular skeleton: bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder and hip
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8
Q

Functions of Bones (5)

A
  • Support of the body
  • Protection of soft organs
  • Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
  • Storage of minerals and fats
  • Blood cell formation
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9
Q
  • The adult skeleton has ____bones
A

206

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10
Q
  • Two basic types of bone tissue
A

Compact bone
Spongy bone

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11
Q

Homogeneous bone tissue

A

Compact bone

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12
Q

 Small needle-like pieces of bone
 Many open spaces

A

Spongy Bone

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13
Q

Difference between
Compact Bone vs. Spongy Bone

A

o Compact bone
 Homogeneous

o Spongy bone
 Small needle-like pieces of bone
 Many open spaces

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14
Q

Classification of bones on the basis of shape (4)

A

Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
irregular Bone

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

Example of
Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
irregular Bone

A

Long bone- humerus of arm
Short bone- carpals of wrist
Flat bone- parietal bone of skull
irregular bone- vertebra

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17
Q

Bones with typically longer than wide

A

long bones

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18
Q

Bones that have a shaft with heads at both ends

A

long bones

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19
Q

type of bones that contain mostly compact bone

A

long bones

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20
Q

Example of compact bone (2)

A

femur
humerus

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21
Q

Bone that is generally cube-shaped

A

short bones

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22
Q

Bones that contain mostly spongy bone

A

short bones

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23
Q

Example of spongy bone (2)

A

Carpals, tarsals

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24
Q

Thin and flattened bones

A

flat bones

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25
Q

 Usually curved bones

A

Flat bones

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26
Q

 Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone

A

flat bones

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27
Q

Example of flat bones (3)

A

Skull, ribs, sternum

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28
Q

 Irregular shape bones

A

Irregular bones

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29
Q

 Do not fit into other bones classification categories

A

irregular bones

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30
Q

Example of irregular bones (2)

A

o Vertebrae, hip

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31
Q

Gross anatomy of long bone (2)

A
  • Diaphysis
  • Epiphysis
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32
Q

o Shaft (middle) of bone and composed of compact bone

A

Diaphysis

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33
Q

Ends of the bone and composed of mostly of spongy bone

A
  • Epiphysis
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34
Q

Difference between
* Diaphysis
* Epiphysis

A
  • Diaphysis
    o Shaft (middle) and composed of compact bone
  • Epiphysis
    o Ends of the bons and composed mostly of spongy bone
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35
Q

Structure of a long bone (5)

A
  1. Periosteum
  2. Sharpey’s fibers
  3. Arteries
  4. Articular cartilage
  5. Medularry Cavity
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36
Q
  • Outside covering of the diaphysis
A

Periosteum

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37
Q

structure of a long bone with fibrous connective tissue membrane

A

Periosteum

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38
Q

secure periosteum to underlying bone

A

Sharpey’s fibers

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39
Q

supply bone cells with nutrients

A

Arteries

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40
Q

Structure of a long bone made of hyaline cartilage

A

Articular cartilage

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41
Q

Covers the external surface of the epiphyses

A

Articular cartilage

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42
Q

Decreases friction at joint surface

A

Articular cartilage

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43
Q

o Cavity of the shaft

A

Medularry Cavity

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44
Q

o Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults

A

Medularry Cavity

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45
Q

o Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults

A

Medularry Cavity

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46
Q

(mostly fat) in adults

A

yellow marrow

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47
Q

(for blood cell formation) in infants

A

red marrow

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48
Q
  • Surface features of bones
A

bone markings

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49
Q
  • Sites of attachments for muscles,
A

bone markings

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50
Q
  • Passages for nerves and blood vessels
A

bone markings

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51
Q
  • Categories of bone markings (2)
A

Projections and processes
Depressions or cavities

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52
Q

grow out from the bone surface

A

Projections and processes

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53
Q

Depressions or cavities

A

indentations

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54
Q

Large, rounded projection; may be roughened

A

tuberosity

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55
Q

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

A

crest

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56
Q

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (ex: femur)

A

trochanter

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57
Q

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent

A

Line

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58
Q

Small, rounded projection

A

tubercle

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59
Q

Raised area on or above a condyle

A

Epicondyle

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60
Q

Sharp. Slender, often pointed projection

A

spine

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61
Q

Any body prominence

A

Process

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62
Q

Projections that help to form joints (4)

A

Heads
Facet
Condyle
Ramus

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63
Q

-For passage of blood vessels and nerves

A

Depressions and Openings

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64
Q

Depressions and Openings (7)

A

Groove
Fissure
Foramen
Notch
Meatus
Sinus
Fossa

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65
Q

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

A

heads

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66
Q

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

A

facet

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67
Q

Rounded articular projection

A

condyle

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68
Q

Armlike bar of bone

A

Ramus

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69
Q

Furrow

A

groove

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70
Q

Narrow, slit-like opening

A

fissure

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71
Q

Round and oval opening through a bone

A

Foramen

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72
Q

Indentation at the edge of a structure

A

notch

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73
Q

Canal- or tunnel-like passageway

A

meatus

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74
Q

Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

A

sinus

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75
Q

Shallow, basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

A

Fossa

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76
Q
  • In embryos, the skeleton is primarily
A

hyaline cartilage

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77
Q
  • During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by
A

bone

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78
Q

remains in isolated areas

A

Cartilage

79
Q
  • Cartilage remains in isolated areas (3)
A

o Bridge of the nose
o Parts of ribs
o Joints

80
Q
A
81
Q

allow for growth of long bone during childhood

A

Epiphyseal plates

82
Q

o Older cartilage becomes

A

ossified

83
Q

Bone replaces ____

A

cartilage

84
Q
  • Bones are _____ and _____ until growth stops
A

remodeled
lengthened

85
Q

o Bones grow in ___

A

width

86
Q

found within the bone matrix in tiny cavities called lacunae

A
  • Osteocytes
87
Q
  • Osteocytes are found within the bone matrix in tiny cavities called
A

lacunae

88
Q

arranged in concentric circles called lamellae around central canals (also called Haversian canals).

A

lacunae

89
Q

The lacunae are arranged in concentric circles called ____ around central canals (also called _____).

A

lamellae

Haversian canals

90
Q

Each complex consisting of a central canal and matrix rings is called an ___ or ___

A

osteon
Haversian system

91
Q

structural and functional unit of compact bone (2)

A

osteon
Haversian system

92
Q

form a transportation system that connects all the bone cells to the nutrient supply and waste removal services through the hard bone matrix

A

canaliculi

93
Q

channels that assist with blood and nerve supply from the periosteum to the Haversian canal

A
  • Volkmann’s canals
94
Q

formation of new bone, which begins as an embryo and continues until early adulthood.

A
  • Bone ossification
95
Q

Bone ossification can occur in two ways;

A

intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossification

96
Q

Bone formation begins between the ____ and ____ weeks of embryonic development and continues until about age _______

A

sixth-seventh
twenty-five

97
Q

______ in the periosteum add bone matrix to the outside of the diaphysis

A

Osteoblasts

98
Q

remove bone from the inner face of the diaphysis wall, enlarging the medullary cavity

A

osteoclasts

99
Q

This process by which bones increase in diameter is called

A

appositional growth

100
Q

growth in length, is controlled by

A

hormones

101
Q

Types of bone cells

A

osteocytes
osteoblasts
osteoclasts

102
Q

The most important hormones are ______ and, during puberty, the _____

A

growth hormone
sex hormone

103
Q

mature bone cells

A

Osteocytes

104
Q

Bone-forming cells

A

Osteoblasts

105
Q

o Bone-destroying cells
o Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium

A

Osteoclasts

106
Q

Process of skeletal change is known as

A

bone remodeling

107
Q

_____ entails the resorption of old or damaged bone, followed by the _______ of new bone material.

A

Remodeling
deposition

108
Q

break in a bone

A

bone fracture

109
Q

Types of bone fractures (2)

A

o Closed (simple) fracture
o Open (compound) fracture

110
Q

break that does not penetrate the skin

A

o Closed (simple) fracture

111
Q

broken bone penetrates through the skin

A

o Open (compound) fracture

112
Q
  • Bone fractures are treated by (2)
A

reduction
immobilization

113
Q

Example of bone fracture treatment by reduction and immobilization

A
  • Realignment of the bone
114
Q

Common types of fracture (6)

A

Comminuted
Compression
Depressed
Impacted
Spiral
Greenstick

115
Q

Done breaks into many fragments

Particularly common in the aged, whose bones are more brittle

A

comminuted

116
Q

Bone is crushed

Common in porous bones

A

compression

117
Q

Broken bone portion is pressed inward.

Typical of skull fracture

A

depressed

118
Q

Broken bone ends are forced into each other.

Commonly occurs when one attempts to break a fall with outstretched arm

A

impacted

119
Q

Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone.

Common sports fracture

A

spiral

120
Q

Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green adult.

Common in children, whose bones are more flexible that those

A

greenstick

121
Q

Repair of bone fractures

A
  • Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
  • Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus
  • Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus
  • Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
122
Q

Stages in the healing of a bone structure (4)

A
  1. Hematoma formation
  2. Fibrocartilage callus formation
  3. Bony callus formation
  4. Bone remodeling
123
Q

Axial skeleton is divided into three parts

A
  • Skull
  • Vertebral column
  • Bony thorax
124
Q

two sets of bones of skull

A

o Cranium
o Facial bones

125
Q
  • Bones are joined by
A

sutures

126
Q

Only the _______ is attached by a freely movable joint

A

mandible

127
Q

Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

A

Paranasal Sinuses

128
Q
  • Functions of paranasal sinuses
A

o Lighten the skull
o Give resonance and amplification to voice

129
Q
  • The only bone that does not articulate (move) with another bone
A

hyoid bone

130
Q
  • Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
A

hyoid bone

131
Q

large compared to the infants total body length

A

fetal skull

132
Q

fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones

A

fontanelles

133
Q

Function of fontanelles (2)

A

o Allow the brain to grow
o Convert to bone within 24 months after birth

134
Q

upper half of the body

A

vertebral column

135
Q
  • Vertebrae separated by
A

intervertebral discs

136
Q
  • The ____ has a normal curvature
A

spine

137
Q
  • Each vertebrae is given a name according to its
A

location

138
Q
  • Forms a cage to protect major organs
A

bony thorax

139
Q

the bony thorax is made-up of three parts

A

o Sternum
o Ribs
o Thoracic vertebrae

140
Q

the appendicular skeleton (3)

A
  • Limbs (appendages)
  • Pectoral girdle
  • Pelvic girdle
141
Q
  • These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
A

Pectoral (shoulder) girdle

142
Q

The pectoral (shoulder) girdle is composed of two bones

A

o Clavicle – collarbone
o Scapula – shoulder blade

143
Q

– collarbone
– shoulder blade

A

o Clavicle
o Scapula

144
Q
  • The arm is formed by a single bone
A

humerus

145
Q

the forearm has two bones

A

o Ulna
o Radius

146
Q
A
147
Q

the hand (3 bone)

A

o Carpals – wrist
o Metacarpals- palm
o Phalanges- fingers

148
Q

– wrist
- palm
- fingers

A

o Carpals – wrist
o Metacarpals- palm
o Phalanges- fingers

149
Q

These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement

A

pectoral (shoulder) girdle

150
Q

bones of the pelvic girdle

A

hipbones

151
Q

Pelvic girdle is divided into three pairs of fused bones

A

o Ilium
o Ischium
o Pubic bone

152
Q
  • The total weight of the upper body rests on the
A

pelvis

153
Q

Pelvic girdle protects several organs (3)

A

o Reproductive organs
o Urinary bladder
o Part of the large intestine

154
Q
  • The thigh has one bone
A

femur

155
Q

thigh bone

A

femur

156
Q
  • The leg has two bones
A

o Tibia
o Fibula

157
Q

bones of the lower limb

A

foot

158
Q

bones of foot (3)

A

talus
metatarsals
phalanges

159
Q

o Talus –
o Metatarsals-
o Phalanges –

A

toes

160
Q
  • Articulations of bones
A

joints

161
Q
  • Functions of joints (2)
A

o Hold bones together
o Allow for mobility

162
Q
  • Ways joints are classified (2)
A

o Functionally
o Structurally

163
Q

Functional classification of joints (3)

A

Synarthroses – immovable joints
Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses – freely moveable joints

164
Q

Synarthroses –
Amphiarthroses –
Diarthroses –

A

Synarthroses – immovable joints
Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses – freely moveable joints

165
Q

Structural classification of joints (3)

A
  • Fibrous joints
  • Cartilaginous joints
  • Synovial joints
166
Q

Difference between
* Fibrous joints
* Cartilaginous joints
* Synovial joints

A
  • Fibrous joints- Generally immovable
  • Cartilaginous joints- immovable, slight moveable
  • Synovial joints- Freely moveable
167
Q
  • Bones united by fibrous tissue and largely immovable
A

synarthrosis

168
Q
  • Bones connected by
A

cartilage

169
Q

cartilaginous joints are mostly

A

amphiarthrosis

170
Q

Examples of cartilaginous joint

A

o Pubic symphysis
o Intervertebral joints

171
Q
  • Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
A

Synovial joints

172
Q
  • Synovial fluid is found in the
A

joint cavity

173
Q

covers the ends of bones

A

Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

174
Q

SYNOVIAL JOINTS DIARTHROSES are enclosed by a

A

fibrous articular capsule

175
Q

reinforce the joint

A

ligaments

176
Q

Synovial joints diarthroses have a joint cavity filled with

A

synovial fluid

177
Q

Structure associated with the synovial joint (2)

A

Bursae
Tendon Sheath

178
Q

flattened fibrous sac

A

Bursae

179
Q

o Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

A
  • Tendon sheath
180
Q

Types of synovial joints based on shape (6)

A
  • Plain joint-
  • Hinge joint-
  • Pivot joint-
  • Condyloid joint-
  • Saddle joint-
  • Ball-and-socket joint-
181
Q

Example:
* Plain joint-
* Hinge joint-
* Pivot joint-
* Condyloid joint-
* Saddle joint-
* Ball-and-socket joint-

A
  • Plain joint- Carpals
  • Hinge joint- Humerus
  • Pivot joint- Ulna, Radius
  • Condyloid joint- Metacarpal, Phalanx
  • Saddle joint- Carpal, Metacarpal #1
  • Ball-and-socket joint- Scapula, Head of humerus
182
Q

Inflammatory conditions associated with joints (3)

A

Bursitis
Tendonitis
Arthritis

183
Q

inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction

A

Bursitis

184
Q

inflammation of tendon sheaths

A

Tendonitis

185
Q

– inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints

A

Arthritis

186
Q

The most widespread crippling disease in the United States

A

Arthritis

187
Q

Clinical forms of arthritis (2)

A
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
188
Q

o Most common chronic arthritis
o Probably related to normal aging processes

A
  • Osteoarthritis
189
Q

o An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints
o Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints

A
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
190
Q

a clinical form of arthritis that often leads to deformities

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

191
Q
  • In a healthy joint, the ends of bones are encased in
A

smooth cartilage

192
Q

cartilage becomes worn away

A

Osteoarthritis

193
Q

grow out from the edge of the bone

A

spurs

194
Q
A

Human Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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