CH 3: Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
Parts of the skeleton system (4)
A
- Bones (skeleton)
- Joints
- Cartilages
- Ligaments
- Tendon (?????)
2
Q
bone to bone
A
ligaments
3
Q
bone to muscle
A
tendon
4
Q
bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
A
- Axial skeleton
5
Q
bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder and hip
A
- Appendicular skeleton
6
Q
Skeletal system is divided into two divisions
A
Axial skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
7
Q
Difference between Axial Skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton
A
- Axial skeleton: bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
- Appendicular skeleton: bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder and hip
8
Q
Functions of Bones (5)
A
- Support of the body
- Protection of soft organs
- Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
- Storage of minerals and fats
- Blood cell formation
9
Q
- The adult skeleton has ____bones
A
206
10
Q
- Two basic types of bone tissue
A
Compact bone
Spongy bone
11
Q
Homogeneous bone tissue
A
Compact bone
12
Q
Small needle-like pieces of bone
Many open spaces
A
Spongy Bone
13
Q
Difference between
Compact Bone vs. Spongy Bone
A
o Compact bone
Homogeneous
o Spongy bone
Small needle-like pieces of bone
Many open spaces
14
Q
Classification of bones on the basis of shape (4)
A
Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
irregular Bone
15
Q
A
16
Q
Example of
Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
irregular Bone
A
Long bone- humerus of arm
Short bone- carpals of wrist
Flat bone- parietal bone of skull
irregular bone- vertebra
17
Q
Bones with typically longer than wide
A
long bones
18
Q
Bones that have a shaft with heads at both ends
A
long bones
19
Q
type of bones that contain mostly compact bone
A
long bones
20
Q
Example of compact bone (2)
A
femur
humerus
21
Q
Bone that is generally cube-shaped
A
short bones
22
Q
Bones that contain mostly spongy bone
A
short bones
23
Q
Example of spongy bone (2)
A
Carpals, tarsals
24
Q
Thin and flattened bones
A
flat bones
25
Usually curved bones
Flat bones
26
Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
flat bones
27
Example of flat bones (3)
Skull, ribs, sternum
28
Irregular shape bones
Irregular bones
29
Do not fit into other bones classification categories
irregular bones
30
Example of irregular bones (2)
o Vertebrae, hip
31
Gross anatomy of long bone (2)
* Diaphysis
* Epiphysis
32
o Shaft (middle) of bone and composed of compact bone
Diaphysis
33
Ends of the bone and composed of mostly of spongy bone
* Epiphysis
34
Difference between
* Diaphysis
* Epiphysis
* Diaphysis
o Shaft (middle) and composed of compact bone
* Epiphysis
o Ends of the bons and composed mostly of spongy bone
35
Structure of a long bone (5)
1. Periosteum
2. Sharpey’s fibers
3. Arteries
4. Articular cartilage
5. Medularry Cavity
36
* Outside covering of the diaphysis
Periosteum
37
structure of a long bone with fibrous connective tissue membrane
Periosteum
38
secure periosteum to underlying bone
Sharpey’s fibers
39
supply bone cells with nutrients
Arteries
40
Structure of a long bone made of hyaline cartilage
Articular cartilage
41
Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
Articular cartilage
42
Decreases friction at joint surface
Articular cartilage
43
o Cavity of the shaft
Medularry Cavity
44
o Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
Medularry Cavity
45
o Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
Medularry Cavity
46
(mostly fat) in adults
yellow marrow
47
(for blood cell formation) in infants
red marrow
48
* Surface features of bones
bone markings
49
* Sites of attachments for muscles,
bone markings
50
* Passages for nerves and blood vessels
bone markings
51
* Categories of bone markings (2)
Projections and processes
Depressions or cavities
52
grow out from the bone surface
Projections and processes
53
Depressions or cavities
indentations
54
Large, rounded projection; may be roughened
tuberosity
55
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
crest
56
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (ex: femur)
trochanter
57
Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent
Line
58
Small, rounded projection
tubercle
59
Raised area on or above a condyle
Epicondyle
60
Sharp. Slender, often pointed projection
spine
61
Any body prominence
Process
62
Projections that help to form joints (4)
Heads
Facet
Condyle
Ramus
63
-For passage of blood vessels and nerves
Depressions and Openings
64
Depressions and Openings (7)
Groove
Fissure
Foramen
Notch
Meatus
Sinus
Fossa
65
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
heads
66
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
facet
67
Rounded articular projection
condyle
68
Armlike bar of bone
Ramus
69
Furrow
groove
70
Narrow, slit-like opening
fissure
71
Round and oval opening through a bone
Foramen
72
Indentation at the edge of a structure
notch
73
Canal- or tunnel-like passageway
meatus
74
Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
sinus
75
Shallow, basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Fossa
76
* In embryos, the skeleton is primarily
hyaline cartilage
77
* During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by
bone
78
remains in isolated areas
Cartilage
79
* Cartilage remains in isolated areas (3)
o Bridge of the nose
o Parts of ribs
o Joints
80
81
allow for growth of long bone during childhood
Epiphyseal plates
82
o Older cartilage becomes
ossified
83
Bone replaces ____
cartilage
84
* Bones are _____ and _____ until growth stops
remodeled
lengthened
85
o Bones grow in ___
width
86
found within the bone matrix in tiny cavities called lacunae
* Osteocytes
87
* Osteocytes are found within the bone matrix in tiny cavities called
lacunae
88
arranged in concentric circles called lamellae around central canals (also called Haversian canals).
lacunae
89
The lacunae are arranged in concentric circles called ____ around central canals (also called _____).
lamellae
Haversian canals
90
Each complex consisting of a central canal and matrix rings is called an ___ or ___
osteon
Haversian system
91
structural and functional unit of compact bone (2)
osteon
Haversian system
92
form a transportation system that connects all the bone cells to the nutrient supply and waste removal services through the hard bone matrix
canaliculi
93
channels that assist with blood and nerve supply from the periosteum to the Haversian canal
* Volkmann's canals
94
formation of new bone, which begins as an embryo and continues until early adulthood.
* Bone ossification
95
Bone ossification can occur in two ways;
intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossification
96
Bone formation begins between the ____ and ____ weeks of embryonic development and continues until about age _______
sixth-seventh
twenty-five
97
______ in the periosteum add bone matrix to the outside of the diaphysis
Osteoblasts
98
remove bone from the inner face of the diaphysis wall, enlarging the medullary cavity
osteoclasts
99
This process by which bones increase in diameter is called
appositional growth
100
growth in length, is controlled by
hormones
101
Types of bone cells
osteocytes
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
102
The most important hormones are ______ and, during puberty, the _____
growth hormone
sex hormone
103
mature bone cells
Osteocytes
104
Bone-forming cells
Osteoblasts
105
o Bone-destroying cells
o Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
Osteoclasts
106
Process of skeletal change is known as
bone remodeling
107
_____ entails the resorption of old or damaged bone, followed by the _______ of new bone material.
Remodeling
deposition
108
break in a bone
bone fracture
109
Types of bone fractures (2)
o Closed (simple) fracture
o Open (compound) fracture
110
break that does not penetrate the skin
o Closed (simple) fracture
111
broken bone penetrates through the skin
o Open (compound) fracture
112
* Bone fractures are treated by (2)
reduction
immobilization
113
Example of bone fracture treatment by reduction and immobilization
* Realignment of the bone
114
Common types of fracture (6)
Comminuted
Compression
Depressed
Impacted
Spiral
Greenstick
115
Done breaks into many fragments
Particularly common in the aged, whose bones are more brittle
comminuted
116
Bone is crushed
Common in porous bones
compression
117
Broken bone portion is pressed inward.
Typical of skull fracture
depressed
118
Broken bone ends are forced into each other.
Commonly occurs when one attempts to break a fall with outstretched arm
impacted
119
Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone.
Common sports fracture
spiral
120
Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green adult.
Common in children, whose bones are more flexible that those
greenstick
121
Repair of bone fractures
* Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
* Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus
* Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus
* Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
122
Stages in the healing of a bone structure (4)
1. Hematoma formation
2. Fibrocartilage callus formation
3. Bony callus formation
4. Bone remodeling
123
Axial skeleton is divided into three parts
* Skull
* Vertebral column
* Bony thorax
124
two sets of bones of skull
o Cranium
o Facial bones
125
* Bones are joined by
sutures
126
Only the _______ is attached by a freely movable joint
mandible
127
Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Paranasal Sinuses
128
* Functions of paranasal sinuses
o Lighten the skull
o Give resonance and amplification to voice
129
* The only bone that does not articulate (move) with another bone
hyoid bone
130
* Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
hyoid bone
131
large compared to the infants total body length
fetal skull
132
fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones
fontanelles
133
Function of fontanelles (2)
o Allow the brain to grow
o Convert to bone within 24 months after birth
134
upper half of the body
vertebral column
135
* Vertebrae separated by
intervertebral discs
136
* The ____ has a normal curvature
spine
137
* Each vertebrae is given a name according to its
location
138
* Forms a cage to protect major organs
bony thorax
139
the bony thorax is made-up of three parts
o Sternum
o Ribs
o Thoracic vertebrae
140
the appendicular skeleton (3)
* Limbs (appendages)
* Pectoral girdle
* Pelvic girdle
141
* These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
142
The pectoral (shoulder) girdle is composed of two bones
o Clavicle – collarbone
o Scapula – shoulder blade
143
– collarbone
– shoulder blade
o Clavicle
o Scapula
144
* The arm is formed by a single bone
humerus
145
the forearm has two bones
o Ulna
o Radius
146
147
the hand (3 bone)
o Carpals – wrist
o Metacarpals- palm
o Phalanges- fingers
148
– wrist
- palm
- fingers
o Carpals – wrist
o Metacarpals- palm
o Phalanges- fingers
149
These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement
pectoral (shoulder) girdle
150
bones of the pelvic girdle
hipbones
151
Pelvic girdle is divided into three pairs of fused bones
o Ilium
o Ischium
o Pubic bone
152
* The total weight of the upper body rests on the
pelvis
153
Pelvic girdle protects several organs (3)
o Reproductive organs
o Urinary bladder
o Part of the large intestine
154
* The thigh has one bone
femur
155
thigh bone
femur
156
* The leg has two bones
o Tibia
o Fibula
157
bones of the lower limb
foot
158
bones of foot (3)
talus
metatarsals
phalanges
159
o Talus –
o Metatarsals-
o Phalanges –
ankle
-
toes
160
* Articulations of bones
joints
161
* Functions of joints (2)
o Hold bones together
o Allow for mobility
162
* Ways joints are classified (2)
o Functionally
o Structurally
163
Functional classification of joints (3)
Synarthroses – immovable joints
Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
164
Synarthroses –
Amphiarthroses –
Diarthroses –
Synarthroses – immovable joints
Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
165
Structural classification of joints (3)
* Fibrous joints
* Cartilaginous joints
* Synovial joints
166
Difference between
* Fibrous joints
* Cartilaginous joints
* Synovial joints
* Fibrous joints- Generally immovable
* Cartilaginous joints- immovable, slight moveable
* Synovial joints- Freely moveable
167
* Bones united by fibrous tissue and largely immovable
synarthrosis
168
* Bones connected by
cartilage
169
cartilaginous joints are mostly
amphiarthrosis
170
Examples of cartilaginous joint
o Pubic symphysis
o Intervertebral joints
171
* Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
Synovial joints
172
* Synovial fluid is found in the
joint cavity
173
covers the ends of bones
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
174
SYNOVIAL JOINTS DIARTHROSES are enclosed by a
fibrous articular capsule
175
reinforce the joint
ligaments
176
Synovial joints diarthroses have a joint cavity filled with
synovial fluid
177
Structure associated with the synovial joint (2)
Bursae
Tendon Sheath
178
flattened fibrous sac
Bursae
179
o Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
* Tendon sheath
180
Types of synovial joints based on shape (6)
* Plain joint-
* Hinge joint-
* Pivot joint-
* Condyloid joint-
* Saddle joint-
* Ball-and-socket joint-
181
Example:
* Plain joint-
* Hinge joint-
* Pivot joint-
* Condyloid joint-
* Saddle joint-
* Ball-and-socket joint-
* Plain joint- Carpals
* Hinge joint- Humerus
* Pivot joint- Ulna, Radius
* Condyloid joint- Metacarpal, Phalanx
* Saddle joint- Carpal, Metacarpal #1
* Ball-and-socket joint- Scapula, Head of humerus
182
Inflammatory conditions associated with joints (3)
Bursitis
Tendonitis
Arthritis
183
inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
Bursitis
184
inflammation of tendon sheaths
Tendonitis
185
– inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints
Arthritis
186
The most widespread crippling disease in the United States
Arthritis
187
Clinical forms of arthritis (2)
* Osteoarthritis
* Rheumatoid arthritis
188
o Most common chronic arthritis
o Probably related to normal aging processes
* Osteoarthritis
189
o An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints
o Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
* Rheumatoid arthritis
190
a clinical form of arthritis that often leads to deformities
Rheumatoid arthritis
191
- In a healthy joint, the ends of bones are encased in
smooth cartilage
192
cartilage becomes worn away
Osteoarthritis
193
grow out from the edge of the bone
spurs
194
