CH 3: Skeletal System Flashcards
Parts of the skeleton system (4)
- Bones (skeleton)
- Joints
- Cartilages
- Ligaments
- Tendon (?????)
bone to bone
ligaments
bone to muscle
tendon
bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
- Axial skeleton
bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder and hip
- Appendicular skeleton
Skeletal system is divided into two divisions
Axial skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Difference between Axial Skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton
- Axial skeleton: bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
- Appendicular skeleton: bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder and hip
Functions of Bones (5)
- Support of the body
- Protection of soft organs
- Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
- Storage of minerals and fats
- Blood cell formation
- The adult skeleton has ____bones
206
- Two basic types of bone tissue
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Homogeneous bone tissue
Compact bone
Small needle-like pieces of bone
Many open spaces
Spongy Bone
Difference between
Compact Bone vs. Spongy Bone
o Compact bone
Homogeneous
o Spongy bone
Small needle-like pieces of bone
Many open spaces
Classification of bones on the basis of shape (4)
Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
irregular Bone
Example of
Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
irregular Bone
Long bone- humerus of arm
Short bone- carpals of wrist
Flat bone- parietal bone of skull
irregular bone- vertebra
Bones with typically longer than wide
long bones
Bones that have a shaft with heads at both ends
long bones
type of bones that contain mostly compact bone
long bones
Example of compact bone (2)
femur
humerus
Bone that is generally cube-shaped
short bones
Bones that contain mostly spongy bone
short bones
Example of spongy bone (2)
Carpals, tarsals
Thin and flattened bones
flat bones
Usually curved bones
Flat bones
Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
flat bones
Example of flat bones (3)
Skull, ribs, sternum
Irregular shape bones
Irregular bones
Do not fit into other bones classification categories
irregular bones
Example of irregular bones (2)
o Vertebrae, hip
Gross anatomy of long bone (2)
- Diaphysis
- Epiphysis
o Shaft (middle) of bone and composed of compact bone
Diaphysis
Ends of the bone and composed of mostly of spongy bone
- Epiphysis
Difference between
* Diaphysis
* Epiphysis
- Diaphysis
o Shaft (middle) and composed of compact bone - Epiphysis
o Ends of the bons and composed mostly of spongy bone
Structure of a long bone (5)
- Periosteum
- Sharpey’s fibers
- Arteries
- Articular cartilage
- Medularry Cavity
- Outside covering of the diaphysis
Periosteum
structure of a long bone with fibrous connective tissue membrane
Periosteum
secure periosteum to underlying bone
Sharpey’s fibers
supply bone cells with nutrients
Arteries
Structure of a long bone made of hyaline cartilage
Articular cartilage
Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
Articular cartilage
Decreases friction at joint surface
Articular cartilage
o Cavity of the shaft
Medularry Cavity
o Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
Medularry Cavity
o Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
Medularry Cavity
(mostly fat) in adults
yellow marrow
(for blood cell formation) in infants
red marrow
- Surface features of bones
bone markings
- Sites of attachments for muscles,
bone markings
- Passages for nerves and blood vessels
bone markings
- Categories of bone markings (2)
Projections and processes
Depressions or cavities
grow out from the bone surface
Projections and processes
Depressions or cavities
indentations
Large, rounded projection; may be roughened
tuberosity
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
crest
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (ex: femur)
trochanter
Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent
Line
Small, rounded projection
tubercle
Raised area on or above a condyle
Epicondyle
Sharp. Slender, often pointed projection
spine
Any body prominence
Process
Projections that help to form joints (4)
Heads
Facet
Condyle
Ramus
-For passage of blood vessels and nerves
Depressions and Openings
Depressions and Openings (7)
Groove
Fissure
Foramen
Notch
Meatus
Sinus
Fossa
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
heads
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
facet
Rounded articular projection
condyle
Armlike bar of bone
Ramus
Furrow
groove
Narrow, slit-like opening
fissure
Round and oval opening through a bone
Foramen
Indentation at the edge of a structure
notch
Canal- or tunnel-like passageway
meatus
Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
sinus
Shallow, basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Fossa
- In embryos, the skeleton is primarily
hyaline cartilage
- During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by
bone
remains in isolated areas
Cartilage
- Cartilage remains in isolated areas (3)
o Bridge of the nose
o Parts of ribs
o Joints
allow for growth of long bone during childhood
Epiphyseal plates
o Older cartilage becomes
ossified
Bone replaces ____
cartilage
- Bones are _____ and _____ until growth stops
remodeled
lengthened
o Bones grow in ___
width
found within the bone matrix in tiny cavities called lacunae
- Osteocytes
- Osteocytes are found within the bone matrix in tiny cavities called
lacunae
arranged in concentric circles called lamellae around central canals (also called Haversian canals).
lacunae
The lacunae are arranged in concentric circles called ____ around central canals (also called _____).
lamellae
Haversian canals
Each complex consisting of a central canal and matrix rings is called an ___ or ___
osteon
Haversian system
structural and functional unit of compact bone (2)
osteon
Haversian system
form a transportation system that connects all the bone cells to the nutrient supply and waste removal services through the hard bone matrix
canaliculi
channels that assist with blood and nerve supply from the periosteum to the Haversian canal
- Volkmann’s canals
formation of new bone, which begins as an embryo and continues until early adulthood.
- Bone ossification
Bone ossification can occur in two ways;
intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossification
Bone formation begins between the ____ and ____ weeks of embryonic development and continues until about age _______
sixth-seventh
twenty-five
______ in the periosteum add bone matrix to the outside of the diaphysis
Osteoblasts
remove bone from the inner face of the diaphysis wall, enlarging the medullary cavity
osteoclasts
This process by which bones increase in diameter is called
appositional growth
growth in length, is controlled by
hormones
Types of bone cells
osteocytes
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
The most important hormones are ______ and, during puberty, the _____
growth hormone
sex hormone
mature bone cells
Osteocytes
Bone-forming cells
Osteoblasts
o Bone-destroying cells
o Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
Osteoclasts
Process of skeletal change is known as
bone remodeling
_____ entails the resorption of old or damaged bone, followed by the _______ of new bone material.
Remodeling
deposition
break in a bone
bone fracture
Types of bone fractures (2)
o Closed (simple) fracture
o Open (compound) fracture
break that does not penetrate the skin
o Closed (simple) fracture
broken bone penetrates through the skin
o Open (compound) fracture
- Bone fractures are treated by (2)
reduction
immobilization
Example of bone fracture treatment by reduction and immobilization
- Realignment of the bone
Common types of fracture (6)
Comminuted
Compression
Depressed
Impacted
Spiral
Greenstick
Done breaks into many fragments
Particularly common in the aged, whose bones are more brittle
comminuted
Bone is crushed
Common in porous bones
compression
Broken bone portion is pressed inward.
Typical of skull fracture
depressed
Broken bone ends are forced into each other.
Commonly occurs when one attempts to break a fall with outstretched arm
impacted
Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone.
Common sports fracture
spiral
Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green adult.
Common in children, whose bones are more flexible that those
greenstick
Repair of bone fractures
- Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
- Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus
- Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus
- Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
Stages in the healing of a bone structure (4)
- Hematoma formation
- Fibrocartilage callus formation
- Bony callus formation
- Bone remodeling
Axial skeleton is divided into three parts
- Skull
- Vertebral column
- Bony thorax
two sets of bones of skull
o Cranium
o Facial bones
- Bones are joined by
sutures
Only the _______ is attached by a freely movable joint
mandible
Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Paranasal Sinuses
- Functions of paranasal sinuses
o Lighten the skull
o Give resonance and amplification to voice
- The only bone that does not articulate (move) with another bone
hyoid bone
- Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
hyoid bone
large compared to the infants total body length
fetal skull
fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones
fontanelles
Function of fontanelles (2)
o Allow the brain to grow
o Convert to bone within 24 months after birth
upper half of the body
vertebral column
- Vertebrae separated by
intervertebral discs
- The ____ has a normal curvature
spine
- Each vertebrae is given a name according to its
location
- Forms a cage to protect major organs
bony thorax
the bony thorax is made-up of three parts
o Sternum
o Ribs
o Thoracic vertebrae
the appendicular skeleton (3)
- Limbs (appendages)
- Pectoral girdle
- Pelvic girdle
- These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
The pectoral (shoulder) girdle is composed of two bones
o Clavicle – collarbone
o Scapula – shoulder blade
– collarbone
– shoulder blade
o Clavicle
o Scapula
- The arm is formed by a single bone
humerus
the forearm has two bones
o Ulna
o Radius
the hand (3 bone)
o Carpals – wrist
o Metacarpals- palm
o Phalanges- fingers
– wrist
- palm
- fingers
o Carpals – wrist
o Metacarpals- palm
o Phalanges- fingers
These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement
pectoral (shoulder) girdle
bones of the pelvic girdle
hipbones
Pelvic girdle is divided into three pairs of fused bones
o Ilium
o Ischium
o Pubic bone
- The total weight of the upper body rests on the
pelvis
Pelvic girdle protects several organs (3)
o Reproductive organs
o Urinary bladder
o Part of the large intestine
- The thigh has one bone
femur
thigh bone
femur
- The leg has two bones
o Tibia
o Fibula
bones of the lower limb
foot
bones of foot (3)
talus
metatarsals
phalanges
o Talus –
o Metatarsals-
o Phalanges –
toes
- Articulations of bones
joints
- Functions of joints (2)
o Hold bones together
o Allow for mobility
- Ways joints are classified (2)
o Functionally
o Structurally
Functional classification of joints (3)
Synarthroses – immovable joints
Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
Synarthroses –
Amphiarthroses –
Diarthroses –
Synarthroses – immovable joints
Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
Structural classification of joints (3)
- Fibrous joints
- Cartilaginous joints
- Synovial joints
Difference between
* Fibrous joints
* Cartilaginous joints
* Synovial joints
- Fibrous joints- Generally immovable
- Cartilaginous joints- immovable, slight moveable
- Synovial joints- Freely moveable
- Bones united by fibrous tissue and largely immovable
synarthrosis
- Bones connected by
cartilage
cartilaginous joints are mostly
amphiarthrosis
Examples of cartilaginous joint
o Pubic symphysis
o Intervertebral joints
- Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
Synovial joints
- Synovial fluid is found in the
joint cavity
covers the ends of bones
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
SYNOVIAL JOINTS DIARTHROSES are enclosed by a
fibrous articular capsule
reinforce the joint
ligaments
Synovial joints diarthroses have a joint cavity filled with
synovial fluid
Structure associated with the synovial joint (2)
Bursae
Tendon Sheath
flattened fibrous sac
Bursae
o Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
- Tendon sheath
Types of synovial joints based on shape (6)
- Plain joint-
- Hinge joint-
- Pivot joint-
- Condyloid joint-
- Saddle joint-
- Ball-and-socket joint-
Example:
* Plain joint-
* Hinge joint-
* Pivot joint-
* Condyloid joint-
* Saddle joint-
* Ball-and-socket joint-
- Plain joint- Carpals
- Hinge joint- Humerus
- Pivot joint- Ulna, Radius
- Condyloid joint- Metacarpal, Phalanx
- Saddle joint- Carpal, Metacarpal #1
- Ball-and-socket joint- Scapula, Head of humerus
Inflammatory conditions associated with joints (3)
Bursitis
Tendonitis
Arthritis
inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
Bursitis
inflammation of tendon sheaths
Tendonitis
– inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints
Arthritis
The most widespread crippling disease in the United States
Arthritis
Clinical forms of arthritis (2)
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
o Most common chronic arthritis
o Probably related to normal aging processes
- Osteoarthritis
o An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints
o Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
- Rheumatoid arthritis
a clinical form of arthritis that often leads to deformities
Rheumatoid arthritis
- In a healthy joint, the ends of bones are encased in
smooth cartilage
cartilage becomes worn away
Osteoarthritis
grow out from the edge of the bone
spurs
