Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Honors Biology 1 > Chapter 2. Review > Flashcards

Chapter 2. Review Flashcards

Do good on test

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which types of fish may live in salt water and freshwater?

A

Lampreys and Bony Fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which transport proteins are involved in facilitated diffusion?

A

Carrier proteins, Channel proteins, Gated channel proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define Carrier Proteins

A

Change there shape, found in cell membranes, transports specific substances across the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does a carrier protein work?

A

binds to the substance that needs to be transported, changes shape to move the substance across the membrane, Once the substance is on the other side, the protein releases it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define Channel Proteins

A

Act like channels that allow specific molecules to pass through the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does a Channel Protein work?

A

They allow only certain substances to pass through, like sodium ions or water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define Gated Channel Proteins

A

A type of protein found in cell membranes that helps control the movement of ions or molecules in and out of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does a Gated Channel Protein work?

A

These proteins act like gates that can open or close in response to specific signals, such as:

Voltage changes (voltage-gated channels)
Chemical signals (ligand-gated channels)
Mechanical forces (mechanically-gated channels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define Facilitated Diffusion

A

Diffusion of a molecule through a transport protein WITHOUT the use of energy, type of passive transport, solute is moving down the concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define Theory

A

The accepted explanation for what we observe in nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Robert Hook

A

named the small structures seen under a microscope, cells, discovered cells in cork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

improved the microscope, made his own microscope lenses, discovered tiny animals such as rotifers, discovered human blood cells,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Theodor Schwann

A

discovered the role of cells as the primary building block of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Virchow

A

Discovered that cells come from other preexisting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The Cell Theory

A
  1. all organisms are made up of one or more cells,
  2. all the life functions of an organism occur within cells,
  3. all cells come from preexisting cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Structures common to all cells

A

Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton, DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

All cells are very small…

A

large surface area to volume ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Plasma membrane

A

(aka cell membrane) a thin coat of lipids that surrounds a cell. It forms the physical boundary between the cell and its environment, so you can think of it as the ‘‘skin’’ of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cytoplasm

A

refers to all of the cellular material inside the cell membrane, other than the nucleus. Cytoplasm is made up of a watery substance called cytosol and contains other cell structures such as ribosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis, are structures in the cytoplasm where proteins are made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

consists of filaments and tubules that crisscross the cytoplasm and help maintain the cell’s shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

DNA

A

contains the genetic instructions that cells need to make proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Types of eukaryotes

A

include fungi, animals, protists, and plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

larger than prokaryotic cells, cells that contain a nucleus, found mainly in multicellular organisms, Contain organelles besides the nucleus, Evolved 2.5 billion years ago from prokaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cellular Structures Eukaryotic Cells

A

Ribosome, Mitochondria, Vesicles, Lysosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Nucleus, Chromosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Prokaryotes

A

first type of organisms to evolve and are still the most common organisms today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Cells without a nucleus, DNA in prokaryotic cells is in the cytoplasm rather than enclosed within a nuclear membrane, found in single-celled organisms, such as bacteria,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Semipermeable

A

only certain molecules can cross the cell membrane, cell membranes are semipermeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cellular Structures in Prokaryotic Cells/Bacteria

A

Ribosome, DNA, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Pili, Cell wall, Capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Phospholipids

A

Phosphate head with glycerol in the middle, Hydrophilic head: water loving, Hydrophobic tails: water hating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer = Cell membrane = Plasma membrane

A

Small or non polar molecules can cross
Large or polar molecules can cross
Except water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cell membrane Functions

A

Protects internal environment of the cell, Controls what enters and exits the cell, Helps the cell communicate with other cells, provides shape and support to the cell,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why do some substances need to use a membrane protein?

A

Because they are either large or polar molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Types of membrane proteins

A

Integral proteins, Peripheral proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Functions of membrane proteins

A

Help move substances through the cell membrane in and out of the cell

33
Q

Intergral Proteins

A

Permanently embedded within the membrane

Examples of these proteins:
- Channel proteins
- Transport proteins
- Receptor proteins
- Adhesion proteins
- Identification proteins

34
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Temporarily associated with the cell membrane, Involved in cell signaling, Most are hydrophilic, so they cannot exist near the fatty acid tails layer,

35
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Way to describe the structure and function of any membrane,

36
Q

Transport proteins

A

Change there shape to allow stuff to enter the cell, a type of protein found in the cell membrane that helps move substances in and out of cells, used for various cellular processes

37
Q

Singer and Nicolson

A

proposed a model to describe the structure and function of any membrane.

37
Q

Surface Area to Volume ratio

A

Cell size is limited by a cell’s surface area to volume ratio. A smaller cell is more effective and transporting materials, including waste products, than a larger cell

38
Q

Cytoplasm

A

space inside the cell membrane, not including the nucleus. This space is filled with the cytosol, other molecules, and organelles.

39
Q

What is included in the “cytoplasm”?

A

Cytosol, Organelles, Cytoskeleton

40
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

crisscrossing network of protein filaments that provide support and aid in transportation of materials.

40
Q

Cytoskeletal fibers composition

A

three varieties of cytoskeletal fibers:
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

41
Q

Nucleus

A

The strands of DNA contain genes, segments of the DNA that code for proteins,

41
Q

Cytosol

A
  • Suspends the organelles
  • Provides turgor pressure to maintain cells shape
  • Site for biochemical reactions
42
Q

Nucleolus

A

where ribosomal parts (rRNA)are made

43
Q

Gene

A

segments of the DNA that code for proteins, Each gene is like a recipe in a cookbook, telling the cell how to build a specific protein.

43
Q

Nuclear pore

A

a tiny opening in the nuclear envelope, allow movement of substances across the nuclear membrane

44
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA is coiled around proteins (histones) and gently twisted to form chromatin

45
Q

Diffusion

A

a process where particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This happens naturally and doesn’t require energy, Small or non-polar molecules can diffuse across the membrane.

46
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking, cells takes in water and any other nutrients in the water

47
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating, Takes in larger substances (bacteria)

48
Q

Osmosis

A

the diffusion of water from an area
of high concentration to an area of low
concentration, no energy needed

49
Q

Function of Nucleus

A

control center of the cell, directing all cell activities, contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA), which holds the instructions for making proteins

50
Q

chromosomes

A

chromatin tightly twists to form chromosomes

51
Q

Where are ribosomes located?

A

Floating freely in the cytoplasm, Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)

52
Q

Where are mitochondria located?

A

found in the cytoplasm

53
Q

Function of a mitochondria

A

The powerhouse of the cell. Creates ATP energy for the cell

54
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

Large subunit: where the amino acids get added to the growing protein chain small subunit: decoding the genetic information
made out of RNA and proteins,

55
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

like tiny factories in the cell. Their main function is to make proteins

56
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

the “powerhouses” of the cell. Their main function is to produce energy for the cell. They do this through a process called cellular respiration

57
Q

Function of Chloroplast

A

special structures found in plant cells and some algae. Their main function is to carry out photosynthesis

58
Q

Function of Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough because bound ribosomes on the membrane, Transport vesicles bubble off of the Rough ER and carry protein to the Golgi apparatus,

59
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Lipid synthesis, calcium ion storage, drug detoxification

60
Q

Function of Golgi Apparatus

A

Modifies, sorts, and packages the proteins made in the RER so they can be transported where they are needed

61
Q

Function of Centrioles

A

small, cylindrical structures found in animal cells. They play a crucial role in cell division

62
Q

Function of Vesicles

A

helps transport materials throughout the cell, small, membrane-bound sacs found within cells

63
Q

Lysosomes

A

Lysosomes (vesicles containing digestive enzymes) are made by the Golgi apparatus.

64
Q

Emergent Properties

A

As you increase in complexity, new abilities arise

65
Q

Levels of organization in multicellular organisms

A

Cell, Organelle, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

66
Q

Colonial Theory

A

A multicellular organism is made of specialized cells that cannot live independently

67
Q

Colonial Organisms

A

Colonial organisms are single celled creatures that live and work together
Some colonial organisms are very complex, and seem to straddle the line between single celled organisms and multicellular organisms

68
Q

Concentration gradient

A

refers to the gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution

69
Q

Equilibrium

A

When concentrations are equal across the space, they have reached equilibrium.

70
Q

Plasmolysis

A

the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall as it shrivels

71
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

The cell will swell up and burst, solution is one where the concentration of solutes (like salt or sugar) is lower outside the cell than inside the cell. This causes water to move into the cell by osmosis

72
Q

Hypertonic

A

hypertonic solution is one where the concentration of solutes (like salt or sugar) outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell. This causes water to move out of the cell through osmosis, leading the cell to shrink or shrivel

73
Q

Isotonic

A

When a cell is in an isotonic solution, water moves in and out of the cell at the same rate, so the cell maintains its shape and size.

74
Q

Active Transport

A

uses energy (ATP) to move molecules AGAINST their concentration gradient, Requires membrane proteins to act as pumps Sodium Potassium Pump is an example of an active transport mechanism.
Essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system

75
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate
ATP is produced in the mitochondria by cellular respiration

76
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

Essential for the nervous system, With each ATP, three sodium ions are moved out, and two potassium ions are move in. This sets up an ion or charge gradient. More positive ions outside, less positive ions inside.

77
Q

Endocytosis

A

substances entering the cell, needs atp (energy)

78
Q

Exocytosis

A

substances leaving the cell, needs atp (energy)

Honors Biology 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions