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Honors Biology 1 > Chapter 2. Review > Flashcards

Chapter 2. Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Which types of fish may live in salt water and freshwater?

A

Lampreys and Bony Fish

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2
Q

Which transport proteins are involved in facilitated diffusion?

A

Carrier proteins, Channel proteins, Gated channel proteins

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3
Q

Define Carrier Proteins

A

Change there shape, found in cell membranes, transports specific substances across the cell membrane

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4
Q

How does a carrier protein work?

A

binds to the substance that needs to be transported, changes shape to move the substance across the membrane, Once the substance is on the other side, the protein releases it.

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5
Q

Define Channel Proteins

A

Act like channels that allow specific molecules to pass through the membrane

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6
Q

How does a Channel Protein work?

A

They allow only certain substances to pass through, like sodium ions or water molecules

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7
Q

Define Gated Channel Proteins

A

A type of protein found in cell membranes that helps control the movement of ions or molecules in and out of the cell.

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8
Q

How does a Gated Channel Protein work?

A

These proteins act like gates that can open or close in response to specific signals, such as:

Voltage changes (voltage-gated channels)
Chemical signals (ligand-gated channels)
Mechanical forces (mechanically-gated channels)

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9
Q

Define Facilitated Diffusion

A

Diffusion of a molecule through a transport protein WITHOUT the use of energy, type of passive transport, solute is moving down the concentration gradient

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10
Q

Define Theory

A

The accepted explanation for what we observe in nature

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11
Q

Robert Hook

A

named the small structures seen under a microscope, cells, discovered cells in cork

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12
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

improved the microscope, made his own microscope lenses, discovered tiny animals such as rotifers, discovered human blood cells,

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13
Q

Theodor Schwann

A

discovered the role of cells as the primary building block of life

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14
Q

Virchow

A

Discovered that cells come from other preexisting cells

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15
Q

The Cell Theory

A
  1. all organisms are made up of one or more cells,
  2. all the life functions of an organism occur within cells,
  3. all cells come from preexisting cells
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16
Q

Structures common to all cells

A

Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton, DNA

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17
Q

All cells are very small…

A

large surface area to volume ratio

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18
Q

Plasma membrane

A

(aka cell membrane) a thin coat of lipids that surrounds a cell. It forms the physical boundary between the cell and its environment, so you can think of it as the ‘‘skin’’ of the cell.

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19
Q

Cytoplasm

A

refers to all of the cellular material inside the cell membrane, other than the nucleus. Cytoplasm is made up of a watery substance called cytosol and contains other cell structures such as ribosomes.

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20
Q

Ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis, are structures in the cytoplasm where proteins are made

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21
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

consists of filaments and tubules that crisscross the cytoplasm and help maintain the cell’s shape

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22
Q

DNA

A

contains the genetic instructions that cells need to make proteins

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23
Q

Types of eukaryotes

A

include fungi, animals, protists, and plants

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23
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

larger than prokaryotic cells, cells that contain a nucleus, found mainly in multicellular organisms, Contain organelles besides the nucleus, Evolved 2.5 billion years ago from prokaryotic cells

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24
Cellular Structures Eukaryotic Cells
Ribosome, Mitochondria, Vesicles, Lysosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Nucleus, Chromosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane
25
Prokaryotes
first type of organisms to evolve and are still the most common organisms today
25
Prokaryotic Cells
Cells without a nucleus, DNA in prokaryotic cells is in the cytoplasm rather than enclosed within a nuclear membrane, found in single-celled organisms, such as bacteria,
25
Semipermeable
only certain molecules can cross the cell membrane, cell membranes are semipermeable
26
Cellular Structures in Prokaryotic Cells/Bacteria
Ribosome, DNA, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Pili, Cell wall, Capsule
27
Phospholipids
Phosphate head with glycerol in the middle, Hydrophilic head: water loving, Hydrophobic tails: water hating
28
Phospholipid Bilayer = Cell membrane = Plasma membrane
Small or non polar molecules can cross Large or polar molecules can cross Except water molecules
29
Cell membrane Functions
Protects internal environment of the cell, Controls what enters and exits the cell, Helps the cell communicate with other cells, provides shape and support to the cell,
30
Why do some substances need to use a membrane protein?
Because they are either large or polar molecules
31
Types of membrane proteins
Integral proteins, Peripheral proteins
32
Functions of membrane proteins
Help move substances through the cell membrane in and out of the cell
33
Intergral Proteins
Permanently embedded within the membrane Examples of these proteins: - Channel proteins - Transport proteins - Receptor proteins - Adhesion proteins - Identification proteins
34
Peripheral Proteins
Temporarily associated with the cell membrane, Involved in cell signaling, Most are hydrophilic, so they cannot exist near the fatty acid tails layer,
35
Fluid Mosaic Model
Way to describe the structure and function of any membrane,
36
Transport proteins
Change there shape to allow stuff to enter the cell, a type of protein found in the cell membrane that helps move substances in and out of cells, used for various cellular processes
37
Singer and Nicolson
proposed a model to describe the structure and function of any membrane.
37
Surface Area to Volume ratio
Cell size is limited by a cell's surface area to volume ratio. A smaller cell is more effective and transporting materials, including waste products, than a larger cell
38
Cytoplasm
space inside the cell membrane, not including the nucleus. This space is filled with the cytosol, other molecules, and organelles.
39
What is included in the “cytoplasm”?
Cytosol, Organelles, Cytoskeleton
40
Cytoskeleton
crisscrossing network of protein filaments that provide support and aid in transportation of materials.
40
Cytoskeletal fibers composition
three varieties of cytoskeletal fibers: Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate filaments
41
Nucleus
The strands of DNA contain genes, segments of the DNA that code for proteins,
41
Cytosol
- Suspends the organelles - Provides turgor pressure to maintain cells shape - Site for biochemical reactions
42
Nucleolus
where ribosomal parts (rRNA)are made
43
Gene
segments of the DNA that code for proteins, Each gene is like a recipe in a cookbook, telling the cell how to build a specific protein.
43
Nuclear pore
a tiny opening in the nuclear envelope, allow movement of substances across the nuclear membrane
44
Chromatin
DNA is coiled around proteins (histones) and gently twisted to form chromatin
45
Diffusion
a process where particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This happens naturally and doesn't require energy, Small or non-polar molecules can diffuse across the membrane.
46
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking, cells takes in water and any other nutrients in the water
47
Phagocytosis
Cell eating, Takes in larger substances (bacteria)
48
Osmosis
the diffusion of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, no energy needed
49
Function of Nucleus
control center of the cell, directing all cell activities, contains the cell's genetic material (DNA), which holds the instructions for making proteins
50
chromosomes
chromatin tightly twists to form chromosomes
51
Where are ribosomes located?
Floating freely in the cytoplasm, Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)
52
Where are mitochondria located?
found in the cytoplasm
53
Function of a mitochondria
The powerhouse of the cell. Creates ATP energy for the cell
54
What is the structure of ribosomes?
Large subunit: where the amino acids get added to the growing protein chain small subunit: decoding the genetic information made out of RNA and proteins,
55
What is the function of ribosomes?
like tiny factories in the cell. Their main function is to make proteins
56
What is the function of mitochondria?
the "powerhouses" of the cell. Their main function is to produce energy for the cell. They do this through a process called cellular respiration
57
Function of Chloroplast
special structures found in plant cells and some algae. Their main function is to carry out photosynthesis
58
Function of Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Rough because bound ribosomes on the membrane, Transport vesicles bubble off of the Rough ER and carry protein to the Golgi apparatus,
59
Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Lipid synthesis, calcium ion storage, drug detoxification
60
Function of Golgi Apparatus
Modifies, sorts, and packages the proteins made in the RER so they can be transported where they are needed
61
Function of Centrioles
small, cylindrical structures found in animal cells. They play a crucial role in cell division
62
Function of Vesicles
helps transport materials throughout the cell, small, membrane-bound sacs found within cells
63
Lysosomes
Lysosomes (vesicles containing digestive enzymes) are made by the Golgi apparatus.
64
Emergent Properties
As you increase in complexity, new abilities arise
65
Levels of organization in multicellular organisms
Cell, Organelle, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
66
Colonial Theory
A multicellular organism is made of specialized cells that cannot live independently
67
Colonial Organisms
Colonial organisms are single celled creatures that live and work together Some colonial organisms are very complex, and seem to straddle the line between single celled organisms and multicellular organisms
68
Concentration gradient
refers to the gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution
69
Equilibrium
When concentrations are equal across the space, they have reached equilibrium.
70
Plasmolysis
the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall as it shrivels
71
Hypotonic Solution
The cell will swell up and burst, solution is one where the concentration of solutes (like salt or sugar) is lower outside the cell than inside the cell. This causes water to move into the cell by osmosis
72
Hypertonic
hypertonic solution is one where the concentration of solutes (like salt or sugar) outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell. This causes water to move out of the cell through osmosis, leading the cell to shrink or shrivel
73
Isotonic
When a cell is in an isotonic solution, water moves in and out of the cell at the same rate, so the cell maintains its shape and size.
74
Active Transport
uses energy (ATP) to move molecules AGAINST their concentration gradient, Requires membrane proteins to act as pumps Sodium Potassium Pump is an example of an active transport mechanism. Essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system
75
ATP
adenosine triphosphate ATP is produced in the mitochondria by cellular respiration
76
Sodium Potassium Pump
Essential for the nervous system, With each ATP, three sodium ions are moved out, and two potassium ions are move in. This sets up an ion or charge gradient. More positive ions outside, less positive ions inside.
77
Endocytosis
substances entering the cell, needs atp (energy)
78
Exocytosis
substances leaving the cell, needs atp (energy)

Honors Biology 1 (7 decks)

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