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Honors Biology 1 > CH 3 TEST > Flashcards

CH 3 TEST Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a test cross?

A

A test cross is Crossing a plant with an unknown
genotype (PP or Pp) with a known
genotype (pp)

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2
Q

What is an example of a test cross?

A

An example of a test cross is Crossing a plant with an unknown genotype (PP or Pp) with a known genotype (pp) is called a Test Cross

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3
Q

What is a polygenic trait?

A

A polygenic trait (Non-Mendalian) is a trait controlled by more than one gene. These traits show a wide range of phenotypes. Examples of polygenic traits include human height, skin color, and eye color.

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4
Q

What is multiple alleles?

A

A trait that has more than two different versions (blood type- A,B, AB, and O

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5
Q

What is meiosis?

A

a process of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half and produces sex cells, or gametes, haploid cells are produced

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6
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

A diploid cell is a cell with two complete sets of chromosomes. There referred to as 2n, where n is the number of sets of chromosomes. In humans diploid cells have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Ex. (most body cells (like skin, muscle, and brain cells). Produced through mitosis.

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7
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A Haploid (n) cell is a cell with one complete set of chromosomes
In humans, haploid cells have 23 chromosomes. These are the sex cells, or gametes (sperm and egg cells). Haploid cells are produced through meiosis.

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8
Q

What does Diploid vs. Haploid cells splitting/combining look like?

A
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9
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

A somatic cell is any cell in the body that is not involved in reproduction, they are also known as body cells, or diploid cells.

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10
Q

What is a gamete cell?

A

A gamete cell is a special type of cell used in sexual reproduction, they are only sperm cells and egg cells.

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11
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes in a cell that have the same size, shape, and centromere location. They carry the same types of genes in the same order. But, they are not identical copies because they can have different versions of those genes, called alleles.

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12
Q

How many pairs of homologous chromosomes do humans have?

A

Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes

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13
Q

What does it mean for a genotype to be heterozygous?

A

For a genotype to be heterozygous means two different alleles for a given gene are inherited. For example, for the genotype the letters would be Pp, one would be capital or purple, and the other would show lowercase and would show white, but since purple is dominant, the phenotype of purple color is shown.

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14
Q

What does it mean for a genotype to be homozygous?

A

Homozygous means that the alleles are the same or identical. They are too different ways to be homozygous you can either be homozygous dominant (PP) or homozygous recessive (pp).

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15
Q

Picture for alleles, genotypes, and phenotypes»>

A
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16
Q

What is the genotype?

A

Genotypes are the combination of alleles, for example, PP - Pp - pp

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17
Q

What is the phenotype?

A

Phenotypes are the expression of alleles or the makeup of the certain characteristics. For example, color of pea plant or color of hair.

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18
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

monohybrid cross is considering only one trait (like pea plant color) and usually refers to crossing individuals with opposing traits (ex. Flower color - purple x white).

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19
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

Dihybrid cross is considering two traits at one time (ex. Flower color and seed color)

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20
Q

What is an autosome chromosome?

A

An autosome is any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. In humans, we have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and 22 of these pairs are autosomes. A majority of our genetic information is carried on the autosome chromosomes.

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21
Q

What is a sex chromosome?

A

A sex chromosome is a type of chromosome that determines the biological sex of an organism. In humans, there are two types of sex chromosomes: X and Y. Females = XX, Male = XY

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22
Q

What is pharmacogenomics?

A

Pharmacogenomics is a field of science that studies how a person’s genes affect their response to medications. It is basically making medicines specifically for that certain persons genes so there will be less side effects.

23
Q

What made Gregor Mendel’s experiments different from Farmer Knight?

A

Mendel kept track of the results he got from his crosses. He documented the results and did some basic math (ratios) to analyze the offspring produced.

24
Q

Why were pea plants a good subject for these early studies?

A
  1. Fast growing
  2. Easy to propagate
  3. Visible characteristics
  4. Variable characteristics
  5. Two versions of each trait
25
Q

What genetic material is received from father, and what is received from mother?

A

Each parent contributes ½ of the genome of the new individual.

26
Q

What is the Law of Segregation?

A

The law states that copies of genes separate or segregate so that each gamete receives only one allele

27
Q

What is the Law of Independent Assortment?

A

It states that genes for different traits are passed independently of one another from parents to offspring. This means that the inheritance of one trait generally does not affect the inheritance of another trait.

28
Q

What is an example of the Law of Independent Assortment?

A

For example, if you have a plant with genes for seed color and seed shape, the gene for seed color will be inherited independently of the gene for seed shape. This law applies to genes located on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome.

29
Q

What does a Punnet Square look like?

A
30
Q

What is an example of a genotypic ratio?

A

Tt x Tt = genotypic ratio of TT:Tt:tt is 1:2:1

31
Q

What do Punnet Squares show?

A

All of the possible offspring that can result from a given cross.

32
Q

What is an example of a phenotypic ratio?

A

phenotypic ratio is Tall:short is 3:1

33
Q

What is the number of chromosomes in body cell vs. gametes?

A

Body cells (somatic cells) have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) Gametes (reproductive cells, sperm and egg), have 23 chromosomes. This is because gametes are haploid, meaning they contain half the number of chromosomes

34
Q

Where are sex-linked disorders found?

A

Sex-linked traits/genes are usually found on the X-chromosome (the Y-chromosome only has a few genes). An X-linked trait is more common in men than women because they only have one X chromosome. Women have two chances to get the dominant allele and will not suffer the disorder.

35
Q

How is a zygote produced?

A

When a sperm and egg combine during fertilization, and this contains the full set of 46 chromosomes.

36
Q

Where and what are autosomal disorders?

A

These are caused by mutations in genes located on the autosomes, carriers can be either male or female, examples: cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington’s disease

37
Q

Where are autosomal traits found?

A

Traits/genes found on chromosomes #1-22, these contain much more genetic material compared to sex chromosomes.

38
Q

Where and what are sex-linked disorders?

A

These are caused by mutations in genes located on the sex chromosomes (X and Y chromosomes), the carriers are always unaffected females, Examples include hemophilia and color blindness

39
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Incomplete dominance occurs when the heterozygous individuals will show a third distinct phenotype, the phenotype is something different than the other too, ex. a dog being spotted or showing variation in color

40
Q

What is co-dominance?

A

Co-dominance occurs when both alleles will express equally, neither alleles are dominant or recessive, ex. blood type

41
Q

RR x WW (incomplete dominance)

A
42
Q

I^AI^A X I^Bi (codominance)

A
43
Q

What are some things that relate to Non-Mendelian Genetics?

A

Codominance
Incomplete dominance
Polygenic trait
Multiple allele traits

44
Q

What is a karyotypes uses and limitations?

A

(used to see major chromosomal abnormalities in the offspring like Down’s Syndrome, missing or damaged chromosomes. Does NOT show specific traits because you cannot see the specific genes, just the chromosomes)

45
Q

What are some examples of chromosomal abnormalities?

A

Down’s Syndrome - extra 21st chromosome
Turner’s Syndrome - missing an X chromosome (XO)
Klinefelter’s Syndrome - one Y chromosome and two or more X chromosomes (XXY, XXXY)
Triple X syndrome - three X chromosomes (XXX)

46
Q

What do chromosomal abnormalities look like?

A
47
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

A pedigree is a chart that is used to track the inheritance of specific traits or genetic conditions in a family

48
Q

What are some environmental impacts on phenotypes?

A

Nutrition, Climate, Pollution, Stress, Lifestyle

49
Q

How is the medical industry using Biotechnology?

A

Medicine - Medical researchers transform bacterial to be able to produce useful human proteins and treatments,
Cytokines: help fight infection
Insuline: treatment for diabetes
Pharmacogenomics: tailor made medicine

50
Q

How is the agriculture industry using Biotechnology?

A

Transgenic crops or Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s) are being developed that produce higher yields, taste better, survive drought, and resist pests.

51
Q

How have we used the technology of cloning?

A
  1. Agriculture: Farmers use cloning to produce plants with desirable traits
  2. Medicine: Cloning is used in research to study diseases and develop treatments
52
Q

What is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and what is its purpose?

A

The purpose of PCR is to make many copies of a segment of DNA, so there are more to study with.

53
Q

What are the steps of the PCR?

A
  1. Denaturing: heating to open the strand
  2. Annealing: cooling DNA to allow primer to bond
  3. Extension: Taq polymerase adds nucleotides

Honors Biology 1 (5 decks)

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