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Honors Biology 1 > Ch 5 Evolution > Flashcards

Ch 5 Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Endosymbiosis? (definition)

A

Endosymbiosis is a scientific theory that explains how certain organelles within eukaryotic cells, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated.

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2
Q

What is a half life? (definition)

A

A half-life is the amount of time it takes for half of the radioactive isotope to decay.

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3
Q

What is a trace fossil? (definition)

A

Trace fossils include footprints, feces, and burrows, smaller fossils.

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4
Q

What is extinction? (definition)

A

Extinction is the permanent loss of a species from the ecosystem.

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5
Q

What is the Cambrian explosion? (definition)

A

The division line 544 million years ago between the Precambrian and Phanerozoic eons is known as the Cambrian Explosion. This is when a huge diversity of body forms appeared in the fossil record.

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6
Q

What is the big bang theory? (definition)

A

The Big Bang Theory explains how matter, time, and space all came into existence 13.7 billion years ago.

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7
Q

What is the Nebular theory? (definition)

A

Nebular Theory explains how solar systems form

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8
Q

What is an Autotroph? (definition)

A

The organisms that produced their own food through photosynthesis are known as autotrophs.

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9
Q

What is a heterotroph? (definition)

A

Heterotrophs are the organism that consumed the autotrophs and they are organisms that get food by consuming other organisms

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10
Q

What is a prokaryote? (definition)

A

First cell (LUCA), arose 3.5 billion years ago in early ocean, these cells have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

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11
Q

What is a eukaryote? (definition)

A

A eukaryote is an organism with cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles that came from a prokaryotic organism.

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12
Q

What is taxonomy? (definition)

A

The science of classifying organisms

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13
Q

What is variation? (definition)

A

the difference in physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in a group. The tortious population on the dry islands all have high-backed shells. Some have slightly higher-backed shells than others. This is normal variation within a population.

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14
Q

What is evolution? (definition)

A

Evolution is a change in the characteristics of living things over time. As described by Darwin, evolution occurs by a process called natural selection.

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15
Q

What is Mutation? (definition)

A

A mutation is a change in the genetic makeup of a population of organisms that can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral and is random.

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16
Q

What is theory? (definition)

A

The accepted explanation for what we observe in nature.

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17
Q

What is artificial selection? (definition)

A

Artificial selection is a process in which organisms evolve traits useful to humans because people select which individuals are allowed to reproduce and pass on their genes to successive generations.

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18
Q

What is population? (definition)

A

A population is a group of organisms of the same species, all living in the same area and interacting with each other.

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19
Q

What is biogeography? (definition)

A

is the study of the distribution of organisms around the world, and why organisms live where they do.

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20
Q

What is species? (definition)

A

organisms that can and do reproduce to make live fertile and viable offspring

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21
Q

What is gene pool? (definition)

A

All of the genes of all of the individuals in a population

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22
Q

What is allele frequency? (definition)

A

How common an allele is in a population

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23
Q

What is speciation? (definition)

A

Speciation is a process by which a new species evolves.

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24
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Sympatric speciation is when part of a population no longer mates with another part of the population, even though they live in the same area (temporal or behavioral isolation)

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25
What is allopatric speciation?
Allopatric speciation involves two populations becoming completely separate from each other (geographic isolation is cause)
26
What is the oldest known fossil?
Fossils of cyanobacteria found in 3.5 billion years
27
What are the ways fossils can be preserved?
permineralization, amber, ice, tar, and mummification
28
What is fossil formation?
Fossil formation is a process that takes place over millions of years, preserving the remains or traces of ancient organisms.
29
What are the sediment layers/dating remains (relative and absolute)?
Relative Dating identifies which rock layer or fossil is older or younger, not an exact age shows a pattern of “simple to complex” in the evolution of life. Absolute dating uses isotopes to determine the age of a rock or fossil in years.
30
What is the origin of the universe?
The Big Bang theory is the most widely accepted cosmological explanation of how the universe formed.
31
what is the formation of the solar system?
the nebular theory formed a gaint cloud of gas and dust which later created the solar system
32
What is the miller urey experiment?
The Miller Urey Experiment showed that the building blocks of biomolecules could have been made in the ancient oceans.
33
Who is Lynn Margulis?
Contributed to the endosymbiosis theory
34
what is the origin of biomolecules?
biomolecules, like amino acids and nucleotides, formed through natural processes (miller urey experiment)
35
What is the first genetic material?
RNA
36
What is the current theory of the origin of life?
Life began with RNA the self replicated
37
What is the great bombardment?
During a time period known as the Late Bombardment (4.5 - 3.8 billion years ago) the Earth was hit by countless asteroids. The entire surface of the planet was turned to lava.
38
when did the first multicellular molecules evolve?
The first multicellular organisms are believed to have evolved around 600 to 800 million years ago.
39
when did the first brain evolve?
The first brain-like structures are believed to have evolved over 500 million years ago during the Cambrian period.
40
when did the first jaws/teeth evolve?
The first jaws and teeth evolved around 440 million years ago during the Silurian period
41
What is binomial nomenclature?
the system of naming organisms using two names, the genus and species.
42
What are Carolus Linneaus major contributions?
created the binomial nomenclature: Linnaeus developed the system of naming organisms using two names, the genus and species.
43
What are Louis and Mary Leakey major contributions?
helped find some of the earliest hominid fossils which helped trace evolution of humans
44
Who are Dr. Tim White's major contributions?
helped find some of the earliest hominid fossils "Lucy" which helped trace evolution of humans
45
When did human and chimp lines diverge?
Believed to have diverged around 5 to 7 million years ago
46
What are Don Johansons major contributions?
In 1974, Johanson discovered the fossilized remains of a hominid known as "Lucy"
47
What is the current naming system and who popularized it?
binomial nomenclature: carolus linnaeus
48
What are the levels of classification?
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
49
What is human classification name?
homosapien
50
Why is the Theory of Evolution important?
It explains and unifies all of biology – thousands of years of natural history from before Darwin’s time, as well as the 150 years of genetics, molecular biology, and even ecology since Darwin published the theory
51
Darwin, Voyage on the Beagle: why they went, where they went, what Darwin experienced?
Why? - primary mission chart coastlines of south america, darwin was invited to study the geology and biology of the regions Where? - The Galapagos Islands What? - surface of earth changes over time, Evolution occurs - he proposed that species change over time instead of being created, and then remaining unchanging Evolution occurs because of Natural selection - individuals with beneficial traits produce more offspring. Overtime this changes the traits in the population.
52
What influences did Lamarck have on Darwin?
proposed that species change over, thought traits developed in a lifetime would be passed down to offspring (wrong), environment=important factor in change (correct)
53
What influences did Malthus have on Darwin?
came up with the idea that the weakest members of the population will die first
54
What influences did Wallace have on Darwin?
Alfred Russel Wallace sent Darwin a paper with his ideas about HOW organisms could change over time. His ideas were basically the same as Darwin’s. Darwin’s ideas were written down first, so he gets the credit for discovering Natural Selection.
55
What influences did Lylle have on Darwin?
He helped develop the science of studying rocks and rock formations - geology. Principles of Geology Lyell proposed that gradual geological change explained what we observe in the rock formations (uniformitarianism) His proposal of an “old” Earth matched well with Darwin’s ideas about slow change in species over long periods of time.
56
What did Darwin contribute to science?
Theory of Evolution: Darwin proposed that species evolve over time through a process called natural selection. Natural Selection: He explained how advantageous traits become more common in a population over generations. "On the Origin of Species": In 1859, Darwin published this groundbreaking book, which provided evidence and arguments for his theory of evolution. Common Descent: Darwin suggested that all species share a common ancestor, meaning that life is interconnected like branches on a tree.
57
What was Darwin's conclusion?
He proposed that species evolve over time through a process where individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that advantageous traits become more common in a population over generations. This idea was a major part of his book, "On the Origin of Species."
58
What are the names of Darwin's books?
On the Origin of Species
59
What is the difference between analogous vs. homologous structures?
Homologous structures are structures that are similar in related organisms because they were inherited from a common ancestor ( arm bone of human and dog) . Analogous structures are structures that are similar in unrelated organisms.(bats and birds)
60
What are vestigial structures?
A vestigial structure is one that is reduced in size and function. Ex. hind limbs in aquatic mammals and eyes in cave fish The appendix is often used as an example of a vestigial structure, but this conclusion is up for debate.
61
What is embryology?
Embryology is the study of how organisms develop from a fertilized egg.
62
What is gene flow?
the movement of individuals into or out of a population
63
What is genetic drift?
the random change in allele frequencies due to loss of population
64
What is the founder effect?
The founder effect is the genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals start or found, a new population.
64
65
What is the bottleneck effect?
a catastrophe, disease, or overhunting can dramatically reduce a population’s size and genetic variation, increasing its susceptibility to the effects of genetic drift (volcano, earthquake, tsunami, etc)
66
What is sexual selection?
the change in a population’s allele frequencies due to reproductive pressures
67
What is natural selection?
the change in a population’s allele
68
What is reproductive isolation (geographic, temporal, behavioral)?
Reproductive isolation means that gene flow has stopped, so the two populations will slowly become genetically different.
69
What is the DNA in related species?
Two organisms that are closely related would have very similar DNA sequences or protein sequences.
70
What is coevolution?
Coevolution is the change in two species in response to each others adaptations.
71
What are some examples of coevolution?
wolves and deer, insects and flowers, ants and acacia tree
72
What are the different types of selection?
Normal Distribuiton Stabilising Selection Directional Selection Disruptive Selection
73
What is Stabilising Selection?
74
What is directional selection?
75
What is disruptive selection?

Honors Biology 1 (7 decks)

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