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Honors Biology 1 > CH 4 GANG 👨‍🦯‍➡️ > Flashcards

CH 4 GANG 👨‍🦯‍➡️ Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

Explains the flow of genetic information: DNA → RNA → Protein.

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2
Q

What does the central dogma explain?

A

The Central Dogma explains how you get from the nucleus (instructions) to the ribosome (protein factory).

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3
Q

What is the process of the central dogma?

A
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4
Q

Frederick Griffith what was their experiment, what did they discover, how were their results received by the rest of the scientific community.

A

Experiment: Studied pneumonia in mice
Discovery: transformation, Non-virulent bacteria became virulent when mixed with heat-killed virulent bacteria.
Reception: Accepted, Sparked further research on DNA as genetic material.

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5
Q

Oswald Avery - what was their experiment, what did they discover, how were their
results received by the rest of the scientific community.

A

Experiment: Isolated DNA as the “transforming principle.”
Discovery: transforming principle, DNA is responsible for heredity, not protein.
Reception: Most scientists didn’t believe this, Initially met with skepticism; confirmed by later studies.

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6
Q

Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase - what was their experiment, what did they discover, how were their results received by the rest of the scientific community.

A

Experiment: Used radioactive isotopes to label DNA and proteins in viruses.
Discovery: DNA, not protein, is the genetic material.
Reception: Solidified DNA as the hereditary molecule.

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7
Q

Erwin Chargaff - what was their experiment, what did they discover, how were their results received by the rest of the scientific community.

A

Experiment: Analyzed DNA composition across species.
Discovery: Base pairing rules (A=T, G=C).
Reception: Provided a foundation for understanding DNA structure.

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8
Q

James Watson & Francis Crick - what was their experiment, what did they discover, how were their results received by the rest of the scientific community.

A

Discovery: Double-helix model of DNA.
Methods: Used Franklin’s X-ray diffraction data.
Reception: Revolutionary; awarded Nobel Prize.

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9
Q

Rosaling Franklin & Maurice Wilkins - what was their experiment, what did they discover, how were their results received by the rest of the scientific community.

A

Contribution: X-ray diffraction images of DNA.
Discovery: Helical structure of DNA.

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10
Q

Marshall Nirenber - what was their experiment, what did they discover, how were their results received by the rest of the scientific community.

A

Experiment: Deciphered genetic code.
Discovery: mRNA codons specify amino acids.

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11
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double helix composed of nucleotides.

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12
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate group.
Sugar (deoxyribose).
Nitrogenous base (A, T, G, C).

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13
Q

What is 3’ - 5’ Nature?

A

DNA strands run antiparallel; 5’ end has phosphate, 3’ end has OH group.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of DNA replication?

A

Copy DNA for cell division.

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15
Q

What is the process of DNA Replication?

A

Initiation, Elongation, termination

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16
Q

What is the base pair rule?

A

A pairs with T, G pairs with C.

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17
Q

What is Semiconservative nature?

A

Each new DNA molecule has one old strand and one new strand.

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18
Q

Purine vs. Pyrimidine?

A

Purines: Adenine, Guanine (double-ring).
Pyrimidines: Thymine, Cytosine (single-ring).

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19
Q

What is the job of Topoisomerase?

A

Topoisomerase: uncoils the DNA strand

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20
Q

What is the job of Helicase?

A

Helicase: breaks the hydrogen bonds between bases, opening up the DNA strand

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21
Q

What is the job of Single Strand Binding Proteins?

A

Single Strand Binding Proteins: keeps the two strands from coming together

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22
Q

What is the job of Primace?

A

Primace: adds RNA bases to act as a primer for DNA polymerase

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23
Q

What is the job of Dna polymerase?

A

DNA polymerase: adds on the complementary bases to both strands

24
Q

What is the job of Exonuclease?

A

Exonuclease: removes the primer

25
What is the job of Ligase?
Ligase: seals up any gaps between bases
26
What is the structure of RNA?
Single-stranded, contains ribose sugar, uracil replaces thymine.
27
What is transcription?
The process of building an mRNA molecule
28
What is the location of transcription?
Nucleus (in eukaryotes).
29
What is the purpose of transcription?
Synthesize RNA from DNA template, and to create a mRNA molecule
30
What are the steps of Transcription?
Initiation, Elongation, Termination
31
What is Initiation - promoter step?
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, and the double helix opens up.
32
What is Elongation step in transcription?
RNA nucleotides are bonded to one of the exposed sides of the DNA.
33
What is the termination step?
a sequence of bases on the DNA tells the RNA polymerase to stop transcribing and let go.
34
what happens during the RNA process, splicing?
Ribonucleoproteins remove the segments of the mRNA that don’t code for a protein (introns) and glue back together the pieces that need to be expressed (exons), introns removed, exons joined.
35
what happens during the RNA process, polyadenylation??
chain of adenine nucleotides is added to 3’ end of the mRNA
36
What is an Intron and what is a exon in RNA processing?
Intron Definition: Non-coding sequences within a gene that do not contain instructions for making proteins. (Interruptions - removed) Exon Definition: Coding sequences within a gene that contain the instructions for making proteins. (Expressed - kept)
37
What is translation?
Synthesize proteins from mRNA, The ribosome will translate the mRNA code into an amino acid chain with help of transfer RNA.
38
What is the purpose of Translation?
Synthesize proteins from mRNA, The ribosome will translate the mRNA code into an amino acid chain with help of transfer RNA.
39
Where does translation occur (location)?
Cytoplasm (ribosomes).
40
What is the process of translation (steps)?
Initiation: Ribosome assembles at start codon (AUG). Elongation: tRNA brings amino acids; peptide bonds form. Termination: Stop codon reached; protein released. The ribosome will slide down the mRNA, decoding the codons, and building an amino acid chain. When the ribosome reaches the STOP codon, it will release the polypeptide.
41
What molecules are involved in translation?
mRNA, RIbosomes, tRNA
42
What is a codon?
Triplets of nucleotides that code for amino acids.
43
What is the start codon?
Start codon: AUG (methionine).
44
what are the three characteristics of genetic code?
Universality: all living things use the same genetic code (A, T, C & G). This shows a shared common evolutionary history. There is no other type of genetic material in any living thing we know about. Unambiguous: each codon codes for one specific amino acid in all species. AGU codes for serine in every living thing. This shows a relationship between the different species. Redundant: most amino acids are encoded by more than one codon. AAA and AAG both code for Lysine. Small changes in the DNA (mutation) may not change the actual protein made by the mRNA.
45
what types of RNA are there?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
46
What is the purpose of mRNA?
Messenger RNA; carries genetic instructions.
47
What is the purpose of tRNA?
Transfer RNA; brings amino acids to ribosome.
48
What is the purpose of rRNA?
reading the order of amino acids and linking amino acids together, Ribosomal RNA; component of ribosomes.
49
What is the difference between replication and transcription?
Replication: Copies entire DNA. Transcription: Copies a single gene into RNA.
50
What is a gene?
Segment of DNA that codes for a protein.
51
What is a mutation?
any change in the DNA of an organism.
52
What types of mutations are there?
point mutations: when a single nucleotide is changed. frameshift mutations: involve an insertion or deletion and can be very serious. chromosomal mutations: Chromosomal mutations impact the structure of a chromosome. These are significant and often cause systemic consequences or even death.
53
What are the causes of mutations (mutagens)?
can happen naturally during replication or transcription or by mutagens (by environmental factors) ex. UV radiation, smoking, nitrate preservatives, ect.
54
Mutations in what type of cells are passed onto the next generation?
Germline mutation occur in the gametes, and can be passed onto offspring. Somatic mutations occur in body cells and only impact the individual.
55
What is the regulation of gene expression?
(To ensure proper cell function and differentiation.) Gene expression can be regulated at various levels. Blue box shows regulation of the DNA. Orange boxes show regulation of the RNA. Purple boxes show regulation of proteins. Eukaryotes have more opportunity for regulation then prokaryotes.
56
When does regulation occur?
When?: Transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels.
57

Honors Biology 1 (7 decks)

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