Ch 2. Part 2

Question 1

What is an Autotroph?

Answer 1

organism that makes its own food, store chemical energy in carbohydrate food molecules they build themselves

Question 2

Examples of autotrophs

Answer 2

plants, algae, and some bacteria

Question 3

What is a heterotroph

Answer 3

heterotroph is an organism that gets food by consuming other organisms, cannot make their own food, they must eat or absorb it, consumers, they use the stored chemical energy from autotrophs, by performing cellular respiration

Question 4

Examples of heterotrophs

Answer 4

Animals, fungi, and many protists

Question 5

Photosynthesis Chemical Equation

Answer 5

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 6

Products and Reactants in Photosynthesis

Answer 6

Reactants - Water (6H2O), Carbon Dioxide (6CO2), Light Energy
Products - Glucose (C6H12O6), Oxygen (6O2)

Question 7

Organelles involved in Photosynthesis

Answer 7

Chloroplast and Mitochondria

Question 8

What is photosynthesis?

Answer 8

the process that autotrophs/plants use to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose

Question 9

What is the process of photosynthesis?

Answer 9

plants capture light energy from the sun and absorb carbon dioxide and water from their environment, Using the light energy, they combine the reactants to make glucose and oxygen (waste product) They store the glucose and then they release the oxygen into the atmosphere.

Question 10

What is chemosynthesis?

Answer 10

a process by which some bacteria, produce energy by using chemical reactions instead of sunlight, unlike in photosynthesis which uses sunlight

Question 11

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration connected?

Answer 11

What photosynthesis in plants produces animals through the process of cellular respiration use

Question 12

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 12

a process that cells use to convert the energy stored in food into a form that can be used by the cell, called (ATP)

Question 13

what are the products and reactants of cellular respiration?

Answer 13

Reactants: Glucose(C6H12O6)
Oxygen (6O2)

Products:
Carbon Dioxide (6CO2)
Water (6H2O)
Energy in the form of ATP

Question 14

What are the processes of cellular respiration?

Answer 14

1st Glycolysis
2nd Krebs Cycle
3rd Electron Transport Chain

Question 15

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

Answer 15

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Chemical Energy (in ATP)

Question 16

what happens to uncaptured energy in cellular respiration?

Answer 16

It is primarily released as heat energy, which helps maintain body temperature.

Question 17

What is glycolysis and how does it work?

Answer 17

1st step of cellular respiration process that breaks down glucose, to produce energy for cells, it doesn’t require oxygen,

Question 18

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 18

Cytoplasm

Question 19

Process of glycolysis

Answer 19

Glycolysis starts with a glucose molecule (a 6 carbon sugar), it uses 2 ATP molecules to add phosphate group of ATP to the glucose, then the modified glucose is split into two 3-carbon molecules, then the two 3-carbon go through a series of reactions: 4 ATP molecules are produced, and 2 NADH molecules are produced for each molecule and are used for later stages of cellular respiration

Question 20

Final products of glycolysis

Answer 20

Net Produce: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP

Question 21

What is the Krebs cycle and how does it work?

Answer 21

a series of chemical reactions, the carbons
of the pyruvate are removed and released as CO2.

Question 22

Process of the Krebs cycle

Answer 22

The process starts with a pyruvate as CoA goes in and in produces Acetyl-CoA from there it combines with a four carbon molecule (oxaloacetate) to form a six carbon molecule called citrate or citric acid, then the citric acid is oxidized releasing carbon dioxide and reducing NAD+ to NADH forming a five carbon molecule, then it undergoes another oxidization releasing another carbon dioxide and and reducing another NAD+ to NADH, resulting in a four carbon molecule, now FAD is reduced into FADH2 and NAD+ is reduced into NADH, and the end product is OAA, this is done for both pyruvates

Question 23

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

Answer 23

Matrix of mitochondria

Question 24

Final products of the Krebs cycle

Answer 24

3 NADH, 1 FADH₂, 1 ATP, 2 CO₂

Question 25

what is electron transport?

Answer 25

a series of protein complexes located in the inner membrane of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells

Question 26

Process of the electron transport

Answer 26

Electrons are donated from previous stages in cellular respiration and these electrons are passed through a series of protein complexed (I, II, III, and IV) in the inner mitochondrial membrane, as they move through these complexes they release energy, as the energy is released it is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the inter membrane space, creating a proton gradient, the protons then flow back through a protein called ATP synthase, this flow drives the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, at the end of the chain the electrons combine with oxygen (the final electron acceptor and protons to form water.

Question 27

where does the electron transport occur?

Answer 27

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 28

Final products of the Electron Transport

Answer 28

ATP 30-32, Water (H2O)

Question 29

Definition of a producer

Answer 29

an organism that can make its own food using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide through a process called photosynthesis, autotroph

Question 30

Definition of a consumer

Answer 30

an organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms, heterotrophs

Question 31

what type of cells use cellular respiration

Answer 31

both plant and animal cells

Question 32

what type of cells use photosynthesis

Answer 32

plant cells

Question 33

Why is fermentation used in organisms?

Answer 33

when oxygen is scarce, organisms can break down sugar using fermentation,

Question 34

what is the process of alcoholic fermentation?

Answer 34

a process where sugars like glucose are converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide by yeast or bacteria

Question 35

What is the process of Lactic Acid Fermentation?

Answer 35

a process by which glucose and other six-carbon sugars are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate

Question 36

Which organisms use the processes of fermentation

Answer 36

muscle cells, bacteria, and yeast

Question 37

What are the different kinds of fermentation?

Answer 37

Lactic Acid Fermentation, Alcoholic Fermentation

Question 38

in what way is every living thing share evolutionary significance

Answer 38

every living thing does glycolysis

Question 39

What are the dark rods seen during cell division

Answer 39

Chromosomes

Question 40

What are the structures of a chromosome?

Answer 40

Chromosome = chromatid and chromatid combined, chromatin = loosely coiled DNA and proteins in chromatid

Question 40

What is DNA packaging in chromosomes

Answer 40

Starts with a DNA Double Helix, it wraps around proteins called histones, then the histones coil and stack together to form a fiber called chromatin, during cell division it further condenses to form chromosomes.

Question 41

What are the proteins involved in DNA packaging

Answer 41

Histones

Question 42

What are the levels of packaging

Answer 42

DNA double helix > Histones > Chromatin > Chromosomes

Question 43

What is the cell cycle

Answer 43

a repeating series of events that include a time of normal functioning and growth, synthesis of DNA, and cell division

Question 44

What are the different stages of cellular respiration?

Answer 44

Interphase - Gap 1, Synthesis Phase, Gap 2 M phase or Mitosis in order = Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Question 45

What is apoptosis

Answer 45

a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms, the body's way of getting rid of old, damaged, or unnecessary cells in a controlled and safe manner,

Question 46

What is interphase and explain the different phases?

Answer 46

1st Stage: G1 Phase (Gap 1) - time of growth, normal functioning, protein synthesis, and copying of organelles 2nd Stage: S Phase (Synthesis) - DNA replication 3rd Stage: Gap 2 (2nd Growth Phase) - is when the cell makes final preparations for division, makes proteins and organelles needed for cell division (after interphase, the cell enters mitosis, where it actually divides)

Question 47

What are the effects of cancer on the tissues

Answer 47

Cancer cells consume nutrients and space that healthy cells need.

Question 48

What is G1 checkpoint

Answer 48

checks for nutrients, growth factors, DNA damage

Question 49

What are the checkpoints

Answer 49

G1, G2, and metaphase

Question 50

What is G2 checkpoint

Answer 50

Checks for cell size and DNA replication

Question 51

What is the metaphase checkpoint

Answer 51

checks for chromosome spindle attachment

Question 52

What are the molecules that control and regulate the checkpoints

Answer 52

cyclins and kinases

Question 53

What causes cancer?

Answer 53

The regulatory proteins lose control and grow and divide more than they should

Question 54

What is mitosis?

Answer 54

a process of cell division that allows a single cell to divide and produce two identical daughter cells

Question 55

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 55

NOT PART OF MITOSIS after mitosis, the final stage of cell division in eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes, where the cytoplasm splits in two and the cell divides

Question 56

What are the processes of mitosis

Answer 56

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Question 57

What happens during Cytokinesis

Answer 57

cytoplasm divides resulting in two daughter cells,

Question 58

What is the purpose of mitosis

Answer 58

The purpose of mitosis is to allow a single cell to divide and produce two identical daughter cells

Question 59

what process do prokaryotes use

Answer 59

binary fission

Question 60

How to calculate time needed for each stage of cellular respiration

Answer 60

Number of cells in the phase/total number of cells x 720