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Honors Biology 1 > Ch 2. Part 2 > Flashcards

Ch 2. Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an Autotroph?

A

organism that makes its own food, store chemical energy in carbohydrate food molecules they build themselves

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2
Q

Examples of autotrophs

A

plants, algae, and some bacteria

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3
Q

What is a heterotroph

A

heterotroph is an organism that gets food by consuming other organisms, cannot make their own food, they must eat or absorb it, consumers, they use the stored chemical energy from autotrophs, by performing cellular respiration

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4
Q

Examples of heterotrophs

A

Animals, fungi, and many protists

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5
Q

Photosynthesis Chemical Equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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6
Q

Products and Reactants in Photosynthesis

A

Reactants - Water (6H2O), Carbon Dioxide (6CO2), Light Energy
Products - Glucose (C6H12O6), Oxygen (6O2)

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7
Q

Organelles involved in Photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast and Mitochondria

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8
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

the process that autotrophs/plants use to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose

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9
Q

What is the process of photosynthesis?

A

plants capture light energy from the sun and absorb carbon dioxide and water from their environment, Using the light energy, they combine the reactants to make glucose and oxygen (waste product) They store the glucose and then they release the oxygen into the atmosphere.

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10
Q

What is chemosynthesis?

A

a process by which some bacteria, produce energy by using chemical reactions instead of sunlight, unlike in photosynthesis which uses sunlight

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11
Q

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration connected?

A

What photosynthesis in plants produces animals through the process of cellular respiration use

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12
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

a process that cells use to convert the energy stored in food into a form that can be used by the cell, called (ATP)

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13
Q

what are the products and reactants of cellular respiration?

A

Reactants: Glucose(C6H12O6)
Oxygen (6O2)

Products:
Carbon Dioxide (6CO2)
Water (6H2O)
Energy in the form of ATP

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14
Q

What are the processes of cellular respiration?

A

1st Glycolysis
2nd Krebs Cycle
3rd Electron Transport Chain

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15
Q

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Chemical Energy (in ATP)

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16
Q

what happens to uncaptured energy in cellular respiration?

A

It is primarily released as heat energy, which helps maintain body temperature.

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17
Q

What is glycolysis and how does it work?

A

1st step of cellular respiration process that breaks down glucose, to produce energy for cells, it doesn’t require oxygen,

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18
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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19
Q

Process of glycolysis

A

Glycolysis starts with a glucose molecule (a 6 carbon sugar), it uses 2 ATP molecules to add phosphate group of ATP to the glucose, then the modified glucose is split into two 3-carbon molecules, then the two 3-carbon go through a series of reactions: 4 ATP molecules are produced, and 2 NADH molecules are produced for each molecule and are used for later stages of cellular respiration

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20
Q

Final products of glycolysis

A

Net Produce: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP

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21
Q

What is the Krebs cycle and how does it work?

A

a series of chemical reactions, the carbons
of the pyruvate are removed and released as CO2.

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22
Q

Process of the Krebs cycle

A

The process starts with a pyruvate as CoA goes in and in produces Acetyl-CoA from there it combines with a four carbon molecule (oxaloacetate) to form a six carbon molecule called citrate or citric acid, then the citric acid is oxidized releasing carbon dioxide and reducing NAD+ to NADH forming a five carbon molecule, then it undergoes another oxidization releasing another carbon dioxide and and reducing another NAD+ to NADH, resulting in a four carbon molecule, now FAD is reduced into FADH2 and NAD+ is reduced into NADH, and the end product is OAA, this is done for both pyruvates

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23
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

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24
Q

Final products of the Krebs cycle

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH₂, 1 ATP, 2 CO₂

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25
Q

what is electron transport?

A

a series of protein complexes located in the inner membrane of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells

26
Q

Process of the electron transport

A

Electrons are donated from previous stages in cellular respiration and these electrons are passed through a series of protein complexed (I, II, III, and IV) in the inner mitochondrial membrane, as they move through these complexes they release energy, as the energy is released it is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the inter membrane space, creating a proton gradient, the protons then flow back through a protein called ATP synthase, this flow drives the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, at the end of the chain the electrons combine with oxygen (the final electron acceptor and protons to form water.

27
Q

where does the electron transport occur?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

28
Q

Final products of the Electron Transport

A

ATP 30-32, Water (H2O)

29
Q

Definition of a producer

A

an organism that can make its own food using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide through a process called photosynthesis, autotroph

30
Q

Definition of a consumer

A

an organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms, heterotrophs

31
Q

what type of cells use cellular respiration

A

both plant and animal cells

32
Q

what type of cells use photosynthesis

A

plant cells

33
Q

Why is fermentation used in organisms?

A

when oxygen is scarce, organisms can break down sugar using fermentation,

34
Q

what is the process of alcoholic fermentation?

A

a process where sugars like glucose are converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide by yeast or bacteria

35
Q

What is the process of Lactic Acid Fermentation?

A

a process by which glucose and other six-carbon sugars are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate

36
Q

Which organisms use the processes of fermentation

A

muscle cells, bacteria, and yeast

37
Q

What are the different kinds of fermentation?

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation, Alcoholic Fermentation

38
Q

in what way is every living thing share evolutionary significance

A

every living thing does glycolysis

39
Q

What are the dark rods seen during cell division

A

Chromosomes

40
Q

What are the structures of a chromosome?

A

Chromosome = chromatid and chromatid combined, chromatin = loosely coiled DNA and proteins in chromatid

40
Q

What is DNA packaging in chromosomes

A

Starts with a DNA Double Helix, it wraps around proteins called histones, then the histones coil and stack together to form a fiber called chromatin, during cell division it further condenses to form chromosomes.

41
Q

What are the proteins involved in DNA packaging

A

Histones

42
Q

What are the levels of packaging

A

DNA double helix > Histones > Chromatin > Chromosomes

43
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

a repeating series of events that include a time of normal functioning and growth, synthesis of DNA, and cell division

44
Q

What are the different stages of cellular respiration?

A

Interphase - Gap 1, Synthesis Phase, Gap 2
M phase or Mitosis in order = Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

45
Q

What is apoptosis

A

a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms, the body’s way of getting rid of old, damaged, or unnecessary cells in a controlled and safe manner,

46
Q

What is interphase and explain the different phases?

A

1st Stage: G1 Phase (Gap 1) - time of growth, normal functioning, protein synthesis, and copying of organelles
2nd Stage: S Phase (Synthesis) - DNA replication
3rd Stage: Gap 2 (2nd Growth Phase) - is when the cell makes final preparations for division, makes proteins and organelles needed for cell division
(after interphase, the cell enters mitosis, where it actually divides)

47
Q

What are the effects of cancer on the tissues

A

Cancer cells consume nutrients and space that healthy cells need.

48
Q

What is G1 checkpoint

A

checks for nutrients, growth factors, DNA damage

49
Q

What are the checkpoints

A

G1, G2, and metaphase

50
Q

What is G2 checkpoint

A

Checks for cell size and DNA replication

51
Q

What is the metaphase checkpoint

A

checks for chromosome spindle attachment

52
Q

What are the molecules that control and regulate the checkpoints

A

cyclins and kinases

53
Q

What causes cancer?

A

The regulatory proteins lose control and grow and divide more than they should

54
Q

What is mitosis?

A

a process of cell division that allows a single cell to divide and produce two identical daughter cells

55
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

NOT PART OF MITOSIS after mitosis, the final stage of cell division in eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes, where the cytoplasm splits in two and the cell divides

56
Q

What are the processes of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

57
Q

What happens during Cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm divides resulting in two daughter cells,

58
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis

A

The purpose of mitosis is to allow a single cell to divide and produce two identical daughter cells

59
Q

what process do prokaryotes use

A

binary fission

60
Q

How to calculate time needed for each stage of cellular respiration

A

Number of cells in the phase/total number of cells x 720

Honors Biology 1 (5 decks)

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