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Pharmacology > Chapter 2-Respiratory > Flashcards

Chapter 2-Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Antihistamines function (2)

A
  • Block the release or action of histamine that increases secretions and narrows airways
  • Blocks histamine 1
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2
Q

Decongestants function

A

Decrease the blood flow to the upper respiratory tract and decrease the overproduction of secretions

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3
Q

Expectorants function

A
  • Increase productive cough to clear airways

- Thins mucus

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4
Q

Antitussives function

A

Block cough reflex

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5
Q

Antihistamine Actions (3)

A
  • Selectively block he effects of histamine at H-1 site
  • Decreases allergic response
  • Anticholinergic and antipruritic effects
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6
Q

Antihistamine indications (4)

A
  • Seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis
  • Allergic conjunctivitis (itchy eye)
  • Uncomplicated urticaria
  • Angioedema
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7
Q

Antihistamine Cautions (2)

A
  • Renal or hepatic impairment

- History of dysrhythmias

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8
Q

Antihistamine Side Effects (2)

A
  • Drowsiness and sedation

- Anticholinergic effects

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9
Q

First Generation Antihistamines (2)

A
  • Diphenhydramine

- Hydroxyzine

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10
Q

Second Generation Antihistamines (3)

A
  • Certizine
  • Loratadine
  • Fexofenadine
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11
Q

Topical Nasal Decongestants Actions (2)

A
  • Affects SNS to cause vasoconstriction

- Causing less inflammation of the nasal membrane

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12
Q

Topical Nasal Decongestant Indications

A

-Relieve nasal congestion

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13
Q

Pharmacokinetics of Topical Nasal Decongestants (2)

A
  • Not absorbed systemically

- Medication stays in nasal passage

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14
Q

Contraindications of Topical Nasal Decongestants

A

Lesion or erosion in the mucous membranes

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15
Q

Caution of Topical Nasal Decongestants (2)

A
  • Any condition that might be exacerbated by sympathetic activity
  • Avoid caffeine
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16
Q

Topical Nasal Decongestant Side Effects (2)

A
  • Local stinging and burning

- Rebound congestion

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17
Q

Examples of Topical Nasal Decongestants (2)

A
  • Oxymetazoline

- Phenylephrine

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18
Q

Topical Nasal Steroid Decongestant Actions

A

Decreases inflammatory response within the nasal area

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19
Q

Topical Nasal Steroid Decongestant Indications (2)

A
  • Seasonal allergic rhinitis

- Inflammation after the removal of nasal polyps

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20
Q

Pharmacokinetics of Topical Nasal Steroid Decongestants

A

Generally not absorbed systemically

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21
Q

Contraindications of Topical Nasal Steroid Decongestants

A

Acute infection

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22
Q

Caution of Topical Nasal Steroid Decongestants (2)

A
  • Active infection

- Avoid exposure to airborne infections

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23
Q

Side effects of Topical Nasal Steroid Decongestants (2)

A
  • Local burning, irritation, stinging, dryness of the mucosa, and headache
  • Suppression of healing can occur in a patient who has had nasal surgery or trauma
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24
Q

Examples of Topical Nasal Steroid Decongestants (2)

A
  • Fluticasone

- Budesonide

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25
Q

Oral Decongestants Actions

A

Shrink the nasal mucous membrane by stimulating the alpha-adrenergic receptors in the nasal mucous membranes

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26
Q

Indication for Oral Decongestants

A

Promotion of drainage in the sinuses and improving airflow

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27
Q

Oral Decongestants Contraindications

A

Any conditions that might be exacerbated by sympathetic activity

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28
Q

Side Effects for Oral Decongestants (2)

A
  • Rebound congestion

- Sympathetic effects

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29
Q

Drug-to-drug interactions

A

Use cautiously with MAOIs

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30
Q

Examples of Oral Decongestants

A

Pseudoephedrine

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31
Q

Expectorant functions

A

Loosens bronchial secretions, allowing easier movement of the secretions

32
Q

Side effects for expectorants (4)

A
  • GI symptoms (mucus in stomach)
  • Headache
  • Dizzy
  • Prolonged use may result in masking an underlying disorder
33
Q

Antitussive function

A

-Act directly on the medullary cough center on the brain t depress the cough reflex

34
Q

Antitussive pharmacokinetics (3)

A
  • Rapidly absorbed
  • Metabolized in the liver
  • Excreted in the urine
35
Q

Antitussive contraindication

A

Patients who need to cough to maintain the airway

36
Q

Caution of Antitussive (2)

A
  • Hypersensivity

- Narcotic addiction

37
Q

Side effects of Antitussives (3)

A
  • Drying effect on the mucous membranes
  • CNS side effects
  • GI upset
38
Q

Examples of Antitussives (3)

A
  • Guaifenesin
  • Hydrocoone (Hycodan)
  • Dextromethorphan (Benylin)
39
Q

Sympathomimetics function

A

Dilation of the bronchioles

40
Q

Sympathomimetics Indications (3)

A
  • Acute asthma attack
  • Bronchospasm in acute or chronic asthma
  • Prevention of exercise-induced asthma
41
Q

Pharmacokinetics of Sympathomimetics (2)

A
  • Rapidly distributed

- Fast acting

42
Q

Side Effects of Sympathomimetics (9)

A
  • SNS activation
  • GI upset
  • Arrhythmias
  • HTN
  • Bronchospasm
  • Sweating
  • Pallor
  • Flushing
  • Increased blood glucose levels
43
Q

Sympathomimetics drug to drug interactions

A

General anesthetic

44
Q

Examples of Sympathomimetics (3)

A
  • albuterol (Proventil)
  • salmeterol (Serevent)
  • Epinephrine (Epi-pen)
45
Q

Anticholinergic functions

A
  • Blocks vagar-mediated reflexes by antagonizing the action of acetylcholine
  • Not used for acute attacks
  • Dilation of airway
46
Q

Indications of Anticholinergic

A

Maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated COPD

47
Q

Pharmacokinetics of Anticholinergic (2)

A
  • Onset of action is 15 minutes when inhaled

- Peaks in 1-2 hours, duration of action is 3-4 hours

48
Q

Caution associated with Anticholinergic

A

Could cause dysrhythmias

49
Q

Anticholinergic side effects

A
  • Related to the Anticholinergic effects of the drug
  • Dizziness
  • Headache
  • Fatigue
  • Nervousness
  • Dry mouth
  • Sore throat
50
Q

Examples of Anticholinergics (2)

A
  • ipratropium (Atrovent)

- Tiopropium (Spiriva)

51
Q

Xanthine function

A

Relaxes the smooth muscles of the bronchi causing bronchodilation

52
Q

Xanthine indications

A
  • Symptomatic relief of chronic, stable asthma, and COPD

- When other drugs failed to show improvement

53
Q

Xanthine pharmacokinetics (2)

A
  • Narrow therapeutic margin

- Rapidly absorbed from the GI tract

54
Q

Xanthine Contraindications (

A
  • GI problems
  • Coronary disease
  • Respiratory dysfunction
  • Renal problems
  • Hepatic disease
55
Q

Xanthine Side Effets (2)

A
  • Related to theophylline levels in the blood

- GI upset, nausea, irritability

56
Q

Xanthine drug to drug interaction (2)

A
  • Nicotine increases the metabolism

- Too much can be toxic

57
Q

Examples of Xanthine (2)

A
  • Aminophylline

- Theophyline

58
Q

Leukotrine Receptor Antagonists function

A
  • Block or antagonize receptors for the production of leukotrines
  • Decreases the inflammatory response to allergic ad environmental stimuli
59
Q

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists indication (2)

A
  • Prophylaxis and chronic treatment of bronchial asthma

- Maintenance medication

60
Q

Pharmacokinetics of Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists

A

Rapidly absorbed from GI tract

61
Q

Caution of Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist

A

Hepatic or renal impairment

62
Q

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist Example

A
  • montelukast (Singulair)

- Zafirlukast (Accolate)

63
Q

Inhaled Steroid Function

A

Decrease the inflammatory response in the airway

64
Q

Inhaled Steroids Indications (2)

A
  • Prevention and treatment of asthma, COPD, emphysema

- Treat chronic steroid-dependent bronchial asthma

65
Q

Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Steroids (2)

A
  • Well absorbed from the respiratory tract

- Not a lot of systemic side effects

66
Q

Contraindication to Inhaled Steroids

A

Not used for emergency during an acute attack

67
Q

Inhaled Steroid side effects (5)

A
  • Sore throat
  • Hoarseness
  • Coughing
  • Dry mouth
  • Pharyngeal and laryngeal fungal infections
68
Q

Examples of Inhaled steroids (2)

A
  • beclomethasone (Beclovent)

- Budesonide (Pulmicort)

69
Q

Mucolytic functions

A
  • Works to breakdown mucus
  • Aids cough
  • Does not open bronchioles
70
Q

Mucolytic Inidcations (3)

A
  • Patients who have difficulty coughing up secretions
  • Postoperative patients
  • Patients wit tracheostomies
71
Q

Pharmacokinetics of Mucolytic

A

-Nebulization or direct instillation into the trachea

72
Q

Caution of Mucolytic (3)

A
  • Acute Bronchospasm
  • Esophageal varices
  • Due to constant thoracic pressure from hard coughing due to increased mucus thickness
73
Q

Example of Mucolytic

A

Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)

74
Q

Lower Respiratory Agents are used in children to…(

A
  • Likely Leukotriene

- Used with beta-antagonists for acute attacks

75
Q

Lower Respiratory Agents in older adults

A

Liver and renal impairment

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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