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Pharmacology > Chapter 1-Intro > Flashcards

Chapter 1-Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Nurses Responsibility in regards to pharmacology (5)

A
  1. Administer drug
  2. Assess for side and adverse drug effects
  3. Make drug regimen more tolerable
  4. Providing patient teaching
  5. Monitor and prevent medication errors
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2
Q

Drug Actions (4)

A
  1. Replace or act as a substitute for missing chemicals
  2. Increase or stimulate certain cellular activities
  3. Depress or slow cellular activities
  4. Interfere with the functioning of foreign cells
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3
Q

Natural sources of drugs (2)

A
  • Plants

- Animal products

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4
Q

Plant drug source description (2)

A
  • Synthetic version of the active chemical found in a plant

- Main component of the growing alternative therapy movement

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5
Q

Animal product drug source description (2)

A
  • Used to replace human chemicals

- Many of these are now made synthetically

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6
Q

Synthetic sources of drugs

A

Genetic engineering alter bacteria to produce chemicals that are therapeutic and effective

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7
Q

Drug Evaluation Steps (5)

A
  • Preclinical Trials
  • Phase I Studies
  • Phase II Studies
  • Phase III Studies
  • Phase IV Studies
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8
Q

Preclinical Trials

A
  • Chemicals are tested on lab animals

- Safety

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9
Q

Phase I Studies

A
  • Chemicals tested on human volunteers

- Healthy people

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10
Q

Phase II Studies

A

-Drug tried on informed patients

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11
Q

-Phase III Studies

A
  • Drug used in vast chemical market

- Deemed safe and effective

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12
Q

Phase IV Studies

A
  • Continual evaluation of the drug

- Full marketing

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13
Q

When does full FDA approval occur

A

Between Phase III and Phase IV

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14
Q

What categories of medications are safe for pregnant women?

A

Category A and B

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15
Q

What category of medication causes fetal risk?

A

Category D and X

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16
Q

What medication category has no studies done on fetal risk?

A

Category C

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17
Q

What controlled substance has the highest abuse level?

A

Schedule I

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18
Q

What controlled substance have the least amount of abuse?

A

Schedule V

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19
Q

What is a generic drug?

A

Chemicals that are produced by companies involved solely in the manufacturing of drugs

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20
Q

Problems associated with OTC drugs? (3)

A
  • Mask signs and symptoms of underlying disease
  • Drug interactions
  • Overdose if not taken correctly
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21
Q

What is on a drug label?

A

-Identification of the drug

-

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22
Q

What is a package insert? (3)

A
  • Prepared by the manufacturer
  • Contains all of the chemical and study information that led to the drug’s approval
  • Difficult to understand and read
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23
Q

1938 The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

A

Created what is now known as the FDA

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24
Q

1983 The Orphan Drug Act

A

Designed to promote the development of drugs to treat rare diseases

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25
Q

1997 The Food and Drug Modernization Act

A

Five provisions within this act

26
Q

Pharmacokinetics definition

A

The process of drug movement throughout the body necessary to achieve the desired effects

27
Q

Four processes of pharmacokinetics

A
  • Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
28
Q

What is the least effective drug route?

A

Oral

29
Q

Most effective drug route?

A

IV

30
Q

Bioavailability definition

A

The amount of a drug that is available for activity

31
Q

First Pass Effect (3)

A
  • Medications are metabolized by the liver
  • Decreases the amount available for the body to use
  • Mainly seen with oral medications
32
Q

Steady State (2)

A
  • The amount of med being administered is the same amount as the amount being excreted
  • Necessary to achieve therapeutic affect
33
Q

Loading Dose (3)

A
  • A higher does than usually used for treatment
  • Usually a one time thing
  • Used to get therapeutic level
34
Q

Metabolism of drugs occurs where?

A

The liver

35
Q

When liver function is impaired what happens to metabolism of medications? (3)

A
  • It slows down
  • Need to decrease does
  • Need to increase frequency
36
Q

Excretion occurs where?

A

The kidneys

37
Q

When kidney function is impaired what happens to excretion?

A
  • It decreases

- Need to lower the does

38
Q

Half-life definition

A

-The amount of time it takes the body to decrease peak level of the drug by one half

39
Q

Half-life is affected by what? (4)

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Metabolism
  4. Excretion
40
Q

Factors Influencing Drug Effect (8)

A
  • Weight -Age
  • Gender -Physiological Factors
  • Tolerance -Pathological Factors
  • Genetics -Cumulative effects
41
Q

When can drug to drug interactions occurs?

A

Any time two or more drugs are taken together

42
Q

Agonist drug interaction

A

Drugs work together to enhance

43
Q

Antagonist drug interaction

A

Drugs work against each other to decrease effects

44
Q

Drug to drug interactions can occur at…(4)

A
  1. Site of absorption
  2. During distribution
  3. At the site of action
  4. During biotransformation
45
Q

Drugs are best taken how in regards to food?

A

On an empty stomach

46
Q

What food or drink interacts with a lot of drugs and why?

A
  • Grapefruit juice

- Because it deactivates liver enzymes

47
Q

Difference between side effects and adverse reactions

A
  • Side effects: treatable, short term, doesn’t change effectiveness
  • Adverse reaction: more severe than side effect
48
Q

5 more frequent side effects

A
  1. Headache
  2. Nausea
  3. Vomiting
  4. Diarrhea
  5. Constipation
49
Q

What are always undesirable?

A

Adverse reactions

can be life threatening

50
Q

Assessment (3)

A
  • Date gathering
  • History
  • Physical assessment
51
Q

Nursing Diagnosis

A

-Drawing conclusions from the assessment data that was gathered

52
Q

Intervention (2)

A
  • Giving the medication

- Formulating the plan of care to improve or maintain the patient’s health

53
Q

Evaluation (2)

A
  • Did the medication work?

- Determining if the plan of care was effective

54
Q

What does the assessment phase look at in regards to pharmacology? (7)

A
  • Chronic conditions
  • Drug use
  • Allergies
  • Level of education/understanding
  • Social support
  • Financial supports
  • Pattern of past health care
55
Q

Implementation phase of pharmacology (4)

A
  • Desired patient outcomes
  • Effective response to drug therapy
  • Minimization of adverse effects
  • Understanding of the drug regiment
  • What we expect to happen*
56
Q

Prevention of Medication Errors

A
  • Series of Checks
  • Reporting of medication errors
  • Dug Regimen Process
57
Q

Have alternative/supplemental therapies tested by the FDA?

A

No

58
Q

Alternative/Supplemental Therapies (4)

A
  • Used for “self treatment”
  • Placeo effect
  • Filler ingredients are not always knows
  • Drug interactions may occur
59
Q

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (4)

A
  • Clarified marketing regulations of herbal remedies
  • Testing is not required
  • Physiologic effects of the product can be noted
  • No claims about preventing specific conditions
60
Q

Controls for Alternative/Supplemental Therapies (3)

A
  • Not controlled or tested by FDA
  • No advertisement restrictions
  • No regulations by any industry
61
Q

What is the black oval?

A

USP studied supplement, which looks at the chemical structure

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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