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Pharmacology > Anti-infectives > Flashcards

Anti-infectives Flashcards

1
Q

Narrow Spectrum of Activity

A

Effective against only a few microorganisms

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2
Q

Broad spectrum of Activity

A

Treating a wide variety of infections

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3
Q

Goal of anti-invectives

A

Make bacteria to a level where our immune system can fight the bacteria

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4
Q

Bacterialstatic

A

Prevents reproduction

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5
Q

Bacterialcidal

A

Kills bacteria

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6
Q

Steps of anti-invectives (3)

A
  1. Culture
  2. Broad spectrum
  3. Narrow spectrum (once culture is completed)
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7
Q

What causes resistance to anti-invectives?

A

Not completing the Rx

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8
Q

Combination therapy

A

Is using 2 narrow spectrum anti-infectives (smaller dose) to create synergistic effects

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9
Q

Side effects of anti-invectives (5)

A
  1. Kidney damage
  2. GI tract toxicity
  3. Neurotoxicity
  4. Hypersensitivity reactions
  5. Superinfections
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10
Q

What is typically ordered with anti-infective to prevent side-effects?

A

Either Probiotic or have the pt. eat yogurt

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11
Q

Penicillin contraindications (3)

A
  • Cross-sensitivity with cephalosporins
  • Nephrotoxic
  • Older adults (decreased kidney function)
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12
Q

Penicillin side effects

A

-diarrhea associated with c.diff

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13
Q

Penicillin drug-drug interactions

A
  • Decrease effectiveness with erythromycin and tetracycline

- Decrease effects of oral contraceptives

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14
Q

Penicillin examples (6)

A
  • Penicillin G
  • Amoxicillin (Amoxil)
  • Naficillin
  • Oxacillin
  • Ampicillin
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15
Q

Penicillin suffix

A

-cillin

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16
Q

Beta-lactamase inhibitors indications/functions

A

-Used in conjunction with other broad spectrum antibiotics, making them more effective and extending the antimicrobiano effects

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17
Q

Beta-lactamase inhibitor examples (3)

A
  • clavulanic acid
  • sulbactam
  • tazobactam
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18
Q

Cephalosporins drug-drug interactions (2)

A
  • Increased nephrotoxicity with aminoglycosdes and NSAIDs

- Increased risk of bleeding when used with anti-coagulation

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19
Q

Examples of Cephalosporins (6)

A
  • cephalexin (Keflex)
  • cefaclor (Ceclor)
  • cefuroxime (Zinacef)
  • Cetriaxone (Rocephin)
  • cefepim (Maxipime)
  • cefolozane (Zerbaxa)
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20
Q

Macrolides Contraindication

A

Hepatotoxicity

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21
Q

Macrolides drug-drug interactions

A

Increased levels of digoxin and anticoagulants

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22
Q

Macrolides examples

A
  • Erythromycin(Eryc)
  • azithromycin (Zithromax)
  • clarithromycin (Biaxin)
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23
Q

Macrolides suffix

A

-mycin

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24
Q

Lincosamides and what compared to Macrolides?

A

More toxic

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25
Q

Lincosamides side effects

A

Psudomembranos colitis

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26
Q

Lincosamides example

A

Clindamycin(Clecin)

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27
Q

Tetracycline is a part of what treatment protocol?

A

H. Pylori

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28
Q

Tetracyclines are not used in what demographic of patient? (2)

A
  • Last trimester

- Young children

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29
Q

Tetracycline side effects (2)

A
  • Damage to bone and teeth

- Photosensitivity

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30
Q

Tetracycline drug-drug interactions (3)

A
  • Decrease oral contraceptive therapy
  • Increase digoxin
  • Increase warfarin levels
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31
Q

Tetracycline Examples (3)

A
  • doxycycline
  • tigecyline (Tygacil)
  • tetracycline
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32
Q

Tetracycline suffix

A

-cycline

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33
Q

Aminoglycosides indication

A

Treatment of serious infection

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34
Q

Aminoglycosides are given how

A

IM or IV

35
Q

What lab tests are essential for Aminoglycosides (2)

A
  • BUN

- Creat.

36
Q

Aminoglycoside Examples (5)

A
  • amikacin (Amikin)
  • gentamicin (Garamycin)
  • neomycin
  • streptomycin
  • tobramycin (Nebcin, Tobrex)
37
Q

Cabapenems is used for what?

A

Treatment of serious abdominal, UTI, and gyne infections

38
Q

Carbapenems drug-drug interaction

A

Decreases Valproic acid levels, which can lead to increased seizure activity

39
Q

Cephalosporins Examples (6)

A
  • cephalexin (Keflex)
  • cefaclor (Ceclor)
  • cefuroxime (Zinacef)
  • cefriaxone (Rocephin)
  • cefepime (Maxipime)
  • cefolozane/tazobactam (Zerbaxa)
40
Q

Macrolides are not good for what patients

A

Patients with liver disease

41
Q

Macrolides drug-drug interactions

A

Increased levels of digoxin and anticoagulants

42
Q

Macrolides suffix

A

-mycin

43
Q

Macrolides examples (3)

A
  • erythromycin (Erye)
  • azithromycin (Zithromax)
  • clarithromycin (Biaxin)
44
Q

Lincosamides indications (4)

A
  • Skin infections
  • MRSA
  • Gyne infections
  • Abdominal infections
45
Q

Lincosamides examples

A

clindamycin (Cleocin)

46
Q

Lincosamides side effects

A

Psudomembranous colitis

47
Q

Tetracyclines prevents what?

A

Cell replication

48
Q

Tetracyclines is a part of what protocol?

A

H. Pylori

49
Q

Tetracycline suffix

A

-cycline

50
Q

Tetracycline side effects (2)

A
  • Damage to bones and teeth

- Increased photosensitivity

51
Q

Tetracycline drug-drug interactions (2)

A
  • Decrease oral contraceptive therapy

- Increase digoxin and warfarin responsiveness

52
Q

Tetracycline examples (3)

A
  • Doxycycline
  • tigecyline (Tygacil)
  • tetracycline
53
Q

Fluoroquinolons what what type of spectrum

A

Broad spectrum

54
Q

Fluoroquinolones prevent what?

A

Cell reproduction

55
Q

Fluoroquinolones drug-drug interactions (2)

A

Increases actions of theophylline and warfarin

56
Q

Fluoroquinolones examples (2)

A
  • ciprofloxacin (Cipro)

- levofloxacin (Levaquin)

57
Q

Sulfonamides interactions (3)

A
  • Otitis media
  • UTI
  • Meningitis
58
Q

Sulfonamides are 90% effective against what?

A

E. Coli

59
Q

Sulfonamides have what interaction when paired with sulfonylureas?

A

Increased the risk for hypoglycemia

60
Q

Sulfonamides are teratogenic, true or false?

A

True

61
Q

Sulfonamides example

A

Timethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Septra, Bactrim)

62
Q

Metronidazole (Flagyl) side effects (2)

A
  • Avoid alcohol

- Dark urine or reddish brown

63
Q

What patients are susceptible to fungal infections (3)

A
  • AIDS patients
  • Patient taking immunosuppressant drugs
  • Patients who have had organ transplantation or going through cancer treatment
64
Q

Amphotericin B is used to treat what?

A

Severe fungal infections

65
Q

Amphotericin B has side effects with what systems?

A

All of them

66
Q

Nursing interventions for Amphotericin B

A
  • Give IV slowly
  • Monitor vital signs every 30 minutes
  • Prevent febril reactions and anaphylaxis
  • Increase fluids
  • Monitor I/O
  • Monitor electrolytes, renal, and liver function
67
Q

Nystatin (Mycostatin) can be given in what ways? (2)

A
  • Oral

- Topical

68
Q

Nystatin (Mycostatin) uses what when it comes to oral administration

A

Swish and swallow

69
Q

Ketoconazole (Nizoral) works similar to what drug?

A

Amphotericin B

70
Q

Ketoconazole (Nizoral) blocks what

A

Human steroids including testosterone and cortisol

71
Q

Voriconazole indications

A

Serious skin, abdomen, and wound infections

72
Q

Voriconazole contraindication

A

Patients with liver issues

73
Q

Voriconazole side effects (3)

A
  • Rash
  • Visual disturbances
  • Pancreatitis
74
Q

Voriconazole needs what

A

Loading dose

75
Q

Fluconazole (Diflucan) indication

A

Used to treat candidiasis, cryptococcal meningitis, and other systemic fungal infections

76
Q

Fluconazole can be used prophylacticly, true or fase?

A

True

77
Q

Contraindications for Systemic Antifungal Agents (3)

A
  • Patnts with renal or liver disease
  • CNS effects
  • GI effects
78
Q

Topical antifungal agent examples (3)

A

-clotrimazole (Myclex, Lotrimin)
-Miconazole (Monistat)
terbinafine (Lamisil)

79
Q

Viruses need what to live?

A

Host cell

80
Q

Goal of antiviral therapy

A

Reduce viral load

81
Q

What viruses respond to antiviral therapy (3)

A
  • Influenza A
  • Herpes
  • HIV
82
Q

Goal of cancer treatment

A

Destroy cancer cells

83
Q

CCNS stands for

A

Cell Cycle Non-Specific

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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