Chapter 2 (Pt. 2)

Question 1

the _______ is a dense region in the nucleus, associated with ribosomal subunit assembly

Answer 1

nucleolus

Question 2

is the nucleolus an organelle?

Answer 2

no. not membrane bound

Question 3

ribosomal subunit is made up of what? (2)

Answer 3

• rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
• proteins

Question 4

eukaryotic ribosomal subunits are made in the _____ and assembled in the ______

Answer 4

nucleus

cytosol

Question 5

what do ribosomes do?

Answer 5

synthesis of proteins (translation)

Question 6

structure of a eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic ribosome?

Answer 6

EU: 80S

PR: 70S

Question 7

where are ribosomes found? (2)

Answer 7

freely in the cytosol or attached to the rough ER

Question 8

which type of ribosomes tend to make proteins that function within the cytosol of the cell

Answer 8

free

Question 9

ribosomes that bind to the rough ER will synthesize proteins that go where?

Answer 9

into the rough ER lumen

Question 10

rough ER is continuous with the ?

ER lumen is continuous with the ?

Answer 10

outer nuclear membrane

perinuclear space

Question 11

what happens to proteins inside the rough ER?

Answer 11

they are manipulated

Question 12

what is a common manipulation for proteins in the rough ER?

Answer 12

glycosylation to make glycoproteins

Question 13

what are the two fates of proteins that enter the lumen of the rough ER?

Answer 13

1. become part of the cell membrane
2. exocytosis

Question 14

smooth/rough ER: synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones for export

Answer 14

smooth

Question 15

smooth/rough ER: functions in the breakdown of toxins and drugs

Answer 15

smooth

Question 16

smooth/rough ER: not covered by ribosomes

Answer 16

smooth

Question 17

smooth ER is usually not attached to the

Answer 17

outer nuclear membrane

Question 18

ERs send vesicles to the

Answer 18

cis-face of the Golgi

Question 19

vesicles travel from the _____ to __________ of the Golgi (faces)

Answer 19

cis-face to trans-face

Question 20

what is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 20

directing molecules to their correct locations

Question 21

which organelles break down nutrients/bacteria/cell debris?

Answer 21

lysosomes

Question 22

lysosomes receive vesicles containing digestive enzymes from the ?

Answer 22

Golgia apparatus

Question 23

intracellular breakdown of unneeded/defective cellular components is called

Answer 23

autophagy

Question 24

lysosomes function in ______ when they release their contents into the cell

Answer 24

apoptosis

Question 25

which cells have vacuoles? all __2___ some ___3___

Answer 25

all plants and fungus; some animal, protis, and bacteria

Question 26

what are the types of vacuoles? (5)

Answer 26

transport food central storage contractile

Question 27

____ vacuoles move materials from organelle to organelle or from organelles to the plasma membrane

Answer 27

transport

Question 28

_____ vacuoles are temporary food holders that eventually merge with lysosomes for digestion

Answer 28

food

Question 29

central vecuoles have a _ and exert _ when filled to maintain plant cell rigidity

Answer 29

tonoplast; turgor

Question 30

what is turgor? what causes it?

Answer 30

the pressure exerted by the water inside a plant cell against the cell wall

Question 31

____ vacuoles (in plants) act similarly to lysosomes and storage vacuoles

Answer 31

central

Question 32

which vacuoles store starches, pigments, and toxic substances

Answer 32

storage

Question 33

which vacuoles collect and pump excess water out of single-celled organisms

Answer 33

contractile

Question 34

contractile vacuoles use ____ transport

Answer 34

active

Question 35

what is the endomembrane system?

Answer 35

group of organelles/membranes that work together to modify, package, and transport proteins and lipids that are entering/exiting a cell

Question 36

what are the components of the endomembrane system?

Answer 36

- nucleus/nuclear envelope - rough/smooth ER - Golgi apparatus - lysosomes - vacuoles - cell membrane

Question 37

what breaks down fatty acids and some AAs; also involved with detoxification

Answer 37

perioxisomes

Question 38

alcohol detoxification occurs in the ____ of liver cells

Answer 38

peroxisomes and smooth ER

Question 39

are peroxisomes part of the endomembrane system

Answer 39

no

Question 40

do peroxisomes receive vesicles from the golgi apparatus? why?

Answer 40

no, they are not part of the endomembrane system

Question 41

peroxisomes generate __, which can produce reactive oxygen species

Answer 41

hydrogen peroxide

Question 42

reactive oxygen species can create __

Answer 42

free radicals

Question 43

peroxisomes contain an enzyme called __, which converts dangerous hydrogen peroxide radicals into harmless water

Answer 43

catalase

Question 44

what makes ATP in all eukaryotes?

Answer 44

mitochondria

Question 45

what carries out photosynthesis in select euaryotes?

Answer 45

chloroplasts

Question 46

centrosome is an organelle found near the what of animal cells?

Answer 46

nucleus

Question 47

centrosome contains a pair of __, which work together to serve as __ during cell division in animal cells

Answer 47

centrioles; microtubule organizing centers

Question 48

what aids in cell structure, function, and movement in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 48

cytoskeleton

Question 49

the cytoskeleton is found within the __ of prokaryotes/eukaryotes

Answer 49

cytoplasm

Question 50

what are the three components of eukaryotic cytoskeletons?

Answer 50

microfilaments intermediate filaments microtubules

Question 51

which has the smallest diameter out of the three cytoskeletal components

Answer 51

microfilaments

Question 52

microfilaments are made of a double helix of two __ filaments

Answer 52

actin

Question 53

the actin monomers of a microfilament have __, so the microfilaments do too

Answer 53

directionality

Question 54

actin can undergo rapid _, which makes microfilaments useful for cell movement

Answer 54

assembly/disassembly

Question 55

what are some examples of cellular processes that rely upon microfilaments?

Answer 55

amoeboid movement; cyclosis; cleavage furrow formation; muscle contraction

Question 56

intermediate filaments have a diameter ____ the other two cytoskeletal components

Answer 56

between (intermediate to)

Question 57

which filaments provide cytoskeletal support for maintaining cell shape, and are also found in the nuclear lamina

Answer 57

intermediate

Question 58

which is the most common type of protein found in intermediate filaments?

Answer 58

keratin

Question 59

keratin is found in

Answer 59

skin, hair, nails

Question 60

intermediate filaments do not undergo _, so they are longer lasting

Answer 60

rapid assembly/disassembly