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DAT: Biology > Chapter 2 (Pt. 2) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (Pt. 2) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the _______ is a dense region in the nucleus, associated with ribosomal subunit assembly

A

nucleolus

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2
Q

is the nucleolus an organelle?

A

no. not membrane bound

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3
Q

ribosomal subunit is made up of what? (2)

A
  • rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
  • proteins
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4
Q

eukaryotic ribosomal subunits are made in the _____ and assembled in the ______

A

nucleus

cytosol

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5
Q

what do ribosomes do?

A

synthesis of proteins (translation)

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6
Q

structure of a eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic ribosome?

A

EU: 80S

PR: 70S

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7
Q

where are ribosomes found? (2)

A

freely in the cytosol or attached to the rough ER

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8
Q

which type of ribosomes tend to make proteins that function within the cytosol of the cell

A

free

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9
Q

ribosomes that bind to the rough ER will synthesize proteins that go where?

A

into the rough ER lumen

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10
Q

rough ER is continuous with the ?

ER lumen is continuous with the ?

A

outer nuclear membrane

perinuclear space

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11
Q

what happens to proteins inside the rough ER?

A

they are manipulated

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12
Q

what is a common manipulation for proteins in the rough ER?

A

glycosylation to make glycoproteins

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13
Q

what are the two fates of proteins that enter the lumen of the rough ER?

A
  1. become part of the cell membrane
  2. exocytosis
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14
Q

smooth/rough ER: synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones for export

A

smooth

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15
Q

smooth/rough ER: functions in the breakdown of toxins and drugs

A

smooth

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16
Q

smooth/rough ER: not covered by ribosomes

A

smooth

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17
Q

smooth ER is usually not attached to the

A

outer nuclear membrane

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18
Q

ERs send vesicles to the

A

cis-face of the Golgi

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19
Q

vesicles travel from the _____ to __________ of the Golgi (faces)

A

cis-face to trans-face

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20
Q

what is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

directing molecules to their correct locations

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21
Q

which organelles break down nutrients/bacteria/cell debris?

A

lysosomes

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22
Q

lysosomes receive vesicles containing digestive enzymes from the ?

A

Golgia apparatus

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23
Q

intracellular breakdown of unneeded/defective cellular components is called

A

autophagy

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24
Q

lysosomes function in ______ when they release their contents into the cell

A

apoptosis

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25
Q

which cells have vacuoles?

all __2___
some ___3___

A

all plants and fungus; some animal, protis, and bacteria

26
Q

what are the types of vacuoles? (5)

A

transport
food
central
storage
contractile

27
Q

____ vacuoles move materials from organelle to organelle or from organelles to the plasma membrane

A

transport

28
Q

_____ vacuoles are temporary food holders that eventually merge with lysosomes for digestion

A

food

29
Q

central vecuoles have a _ and exert _ when filled to maintain plant cell rigidity

A

tonoplast; turgor

30
Q

what is turgor? what causes it?

A

the pressure exerted by the water inside a plant cell against the cell wall

31
Q

____ vacuoles (in plants) act similarly to lysosomes and storage vacuoles

A

central

32
Q

which vacuoles store starches, pigments, and toxic substances

A

storage

33
Q

which vacuoles collect and pump excess water out of single-celled organisms

A

contractile

34
Q

contractile vacuoles use ____ transport

A

active

35
Q

what is the endomembrane system?

A

group of organelles/membranes that work together to modify, package, and transport proteins and lipids that are entering/exiting a cell

36
Q

what are the components of the endomembrane system?

A
  • nucleus/nuclear envelope
  • rough/smooth ER
  • Golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
  • vacuoles
  • cell membrane
37
Q

what breaks down fatty acids and some AAs; also involved with detoxification

A

perioxisomes

38
Q

alcohol detoxification occurs in the ____ of liver cells

A

peroxisomes and smooth ER

39
Q

are peroxisomes part of the endomembrane system

A

no

40
Q

do peroxisomes receive vesicles from the golgi apparatus? why?

A

no, they are not part of the endomembrane system

41
Q

peroxisomes generate __, which can produce reactive oxygen species

A

hydrogen peroxide

42
Q

reactive oxygen species can create __

A

free radicals

43
Q

peroxisomes contain an enzyme called __, which converts dangerous hydrogen peroxide radicals into harmless water

A

catalase

44
Q

what makes ATP in all eukaryotes?

A

mitochondria

45
Q

what carries out photosynthesis in select euaryotes?

A

chloroplasts

46
Q

centrosome is an organelle found near the what of animal cells?

A

nucleus

47
Q

centrosome contains a pair of __, which work together to serve as __ during cell division in animal cells

A

centrioles; microtubule organizing centers

48
Q

what aids in cell structure, function, and movement in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

cytoskeleton

49
Q

the cytoskeleton is found within the __ of prokaryotes/eukaryotes

A

cytoplasm

50
Q

what are the three components of eukaryotic cytoskeletons?

A

microfilaments

intermediate filaments

microtubules

51
Q

which has the smallest diameter out of the three cytoskeletal components

A

microfilaments

52
Q

microfilaments are made of a double helix of two __ filaments

A

actin

53
Q

the actin monomers of a microfilament have __, so the microfilaments do too

A

directionality

54
Q

actin can undergo rapid _, which makes microfilaments useful for cell movement

A

assembly/disassembly

55
Q

what are some examples of cellular processes that rely upon microfilaments?

A

amoeboid movement; cyclosis; cleavage furrow formation; muscle contraction

56
Q

intermediate filaments have a diameter ____ the other two cytoskeletal components

A

between (intermediate to)

57
Q

which filaments provide cytoskeletal support for maintaining cell shape, and are also found in the nuclear lamina

A

intermediate

58
Q

which is the most common type of protein found in intermediate filaments?

A

keratin

59
Q

keratin is found in

A

skin, hair, nails

60
Q

intermediate filaments do not undergo _, so they are longer lasting

A

rapid assembly/disassembly

DAT: Biology (8 decks)

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