Chapter 1 (Pt. 3) Flashcards
what is the generic name for lipids?
fats
how do you draw a hydrocarbon tail?
HO-C=O
what are lipids used for? (4)
energy storage
insulation
cell membranes
hormone synthesis
what makes up a triglyceride?
glycerol and three fatty acids
what reactions form triglycerides? what types of linkages are formed?
dehydration reactions
ester linkage
what reactions break triglycerides?
hydrolysis
what are fatty acids?
carboxylic acids with a hydrocarbon tail
what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
SATURATED: tail is saturated with hydrogens. no double bonds
UNSATURATED: tail isn’t saturated with hydrogens. double bonds
what’s a common fat that’s solid at room temp?
butter
what do you call an unsaturated fatty acid with one double bond?
monounsaturated fatty acid
what do you call an unsaturated fatty acid with two or more double bonds?
polyunsaturated fatty acids
ex. of a cis-unsaturated fat you use while cooking?
oil
three characteristics of cis-unsaturated fatty acids?
- create kinks in the chain
- loose packing
- liquid at room temp
two characteristics of trans-unsaturated fatty acids?
- straight like saturated fats
- tightly packed
what term describes phospholipid polarity?
amphipathic
what does amphipathic mean?
hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
where are phospholipid bilayers found?
cell membranes
which of fat is liquid at room temperature?
cis-unsaturated fats
what is the difference between a fatty acid and a triglyceride?
TRI: glycerol and three fatty acids
FA: carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon tail
name the precursor to steroid hormones
cholesterol
how do phospholipids respond in a hot environment?
spread out
how do phospholipids respond in a cold environment?
pack tightly
what is the role of cholesterol in a cell membrane? why is it important?
maintain healthy distance between phospholipids.
important because overly rigid membranes shatter, and overly flexible membranes leak.
how do unsaturated fatty acids affect a membrane?
can make a rigid membrane become a fluid membrane
where do we get cholesterol? (2)
- generated by the liver
- diet
what are the roles of cholesterol? precursor to… (3)
- Vitamin D
- Bile acids
- Steroid hormones
what is the function of lipoproteins?
transport hydrophobic molecules in aqueous environments
what do lipoproteins consist of? (2)
coat and core
what does the coat of a lipoprotein consist of? (3)
phospholipids
cholesterol
proteins
what does the core of a lipoprotein consist of? (2)
cholesterol
triglycerides
low density lipoproteins are low density of what?
why is that bad?
what do they do?
proteins
known as BAD cholesterol, lead to narrowing of artery due to deposit of plaque within the artery
deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues
high density lipoproteins are high density of what?
why is that good?
what do they do?
high density of proteins
known as the GOOD cholesterol because they make stuff like bile salts
take cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver
name three lipid derivatives
- waxes
- carotenoids
- sphingolipids
what type of linkages are found in waxes?
ester linkages
what lipid derivative functions as pigment?
carotenoids
which lipid derivative is responsible for structural integrity, signal transduction, and cell recognition?
sphingolipids
cholesterol origin or not: estradiol
yes
cholesterol origin or not: testosterone
yes
cholesterol origin or not: Vitamin D
yes
cholesterol origin or not: sphingoyelin
no
what makes up a nucleoside?
pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base
what are examples of nitrogenous bases?
cytosine
thymine
uracil
adenine
guanine
what is the difference between nucleosides and nucleotides?
nucleotides have one phosphate group
how to distinguish purine vs. pyrimidines?
PUR As Gold: PURines are Adenine and Guanine
CUT the PY: Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine are Pyrimidines
DNA or RNA: thymine vs. uracil
DNA: thymine
RNA: uracil
what bond is formed when phosphate groups are added to nucleic acids? what does that create?
phosphodiester bond.
sugar-phosphate backbone.
what bond is formed when phosphate groups are added to nucleic acids? what does that create?
phosphodiester bond.
sugar-phosphate backbone.
what’s on the 5’ end of a nucleic acid strand?
3’ end?
free phosphate
free hydroxyl group
in a DNA strand, what is a complementary base?
nitrogenous bases that can H-bond to each other
