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DAT: Biology > Chapter 1 (Pt. 3) > Flashcards

Chapter 1 (Pt. 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the generic name for lipids?

A

fats

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2
Q

how do you draw a hydrocarbon tail?

A

HO-C=O

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3
Q

what are lipids used for? (4)

A

energy storage
insulation
cell membranes
hormone synthesis

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4
Q

what makes up a triglyceride?

A

glycerol and three fatty acids

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5
Q

what reactions form triglycerides? what types of linkages are formed?

A

dehydration reactions

ester linkage

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6
Q

what reactions break triglycerides?

A

hydrolysis

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7
Q

what are fatty acids?

A

carboxylic acids with a hydrocarbon tail

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8
Q

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

SATURATED: tail is saturated with hydrogens. no double bonds

UNSATURATED: tail isn’t saturated with hydrogens. double bonds

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9
Q

what’s a common fat that’s solid at room temp?

A

butter

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10
Q

what do you call an unsaturated fatty acid with one double bond?

A

monounsaturated fatty acid

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11
Q

what do you call an unsaturated fatty acid with two or more double bonds?

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids

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12
Q

ex. of a cis-unsaturated fat you use while cooking?

A

oil

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13
Q

three characteristics of cis-unsaturated fatty acids?

A
  1. create kinks in the chain
  2. loose packing
  3. liquid at room temp
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14
Q

two characteristics of trans-unsaturated fatty acids?

A
  1. straight like saturated fats
  2. tightly packed
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15
Q

what term describes phospholipid polarity?

A

amphipathic

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16
Q

what does amphipathic mean?

A

hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

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17
Q

where are phospholipid bilayers found?

A

cell membranes

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18
Q

which of fat is liquid at room temperature?

A

cis-unsaturated fats

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19
Q

what is the difference between a fatty acid and a triglyceride?

A

TRI: glycerol and three fatty acids

FA: carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon tail

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20
Q

name the precursor to steroid hormones

A

cholesterol

21
Q

how do phospholipids respond in a hot environment?

A

spread out

22
Q

how do phospholipids respond in a cold environment?

A

pack tightly

23
Q

what is the role of cholesterol in a cell membrane? why is it important?

A

maintain healthy distance between phospholipids.

important because overly rigid membranes shatter, and overly flexible membranes leak.

24
Q

how do unsaturated fatty acids affect a membrane?

A

can make a rigid membrane become a fluid membrane

25
Q

where do we get cholesterol? (2)

A
  • generated by the liver
  • diet
26
Q

what are the roles of cholesterol? precursor to… (3)

A
  • Vitamin D
  • Bile acids
  • Steroid hormones
27
Q

what is the function of lipoproteins?

A

transport hydrophobic molecules in aqueous environments

28
Q

what do lipoproteins consist of? (2)

A

coat and core

29
Q

what does the coat of a lipoprotein consist of? (3)

A

phospholipids

cholesterol

proteins

30
Q

what does the core of a lipoprotein consist of? (2)

A

cholesterol

triglycerides

31
Q

low density lipoproteins are low density of what?

why is that bad?

what do they do?

A

proteins

known as BAD cholesterol, lead to narrowing of artery due to deposit of plaque within the artery

deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues

32
Q

high density lipoproteins are high density of what?

why is that good?

what do they do?

A

high density of proteins

known as the GOOD cholesterol because they make stuff like bile salts

take cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver

33
Q

name three lipid derivatives

A
  1. waxes
  2. carotenoids
  3. sphingolipids
34
Q

what type of linkages are found in waxes?

A

ester linkages

35
Q

what lipid derivative functions as pigment?

A

carotenoids

36
Q

which lipid derivative is responsible for structural integrity, signal transduction, and cell recognition?

A

sphingolipids

37
Q

cholesterol origin or not: estradiol

A

yes

38
Q

cholesterol origin or not: testosterone

A

yes

39
Q

cholesterol origin or not: Vitamin D

A

yes

40
Q

cholesterol origin or not: sphingoyelin

A

no

41
Q

what makes up a nucleoside?

A

pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base

42
Q

what are examples of nitrogenous bases?

A

cytosine

thymine

uracil

adenine

guanine

43
Q

what is the difference between nucleosides and nucleotides?

A

nucleotides have one phosphate group

44
Q

how to distinguish purine vs. pyrimidines?

A

PUR As Gold: PURines are Adenine and Guanine

CUT the PY: Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine are Pyrimidines

45
Q

DNA or RNA: thymine vs. uracil

A

DNA: thymine

RNA: uracil

46
Q

what bond is formed when phosphate groups are added to nucleic acids? what does that create?

A

phosphodiester bond.

sugar-phosphate backbone.

47
Q

what bond is formed when phosphate groups are added to nucleic acids? what does that create?

A

phosphodiester bond.

sugar-phosphate backbone.

48
Q

what’s on the 5’ end of a nucleic acid strand?

3’ end?

A

free phosphate

free hydroxyl group

49
Q

in a DNA strand, what is a complementary base?

A

nitrogenous bases that can H-bond to each other

DAT: Biology (8 decks)

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