Chapter 1 (Pt. 3)

Question 1

what is the generic name for lipids?

Answer 1

fats

Question 2

how do you draw a hydrocarbon tail?

Answer 2

HO-C=O

Question 3

what are lipids used for? (4)

Answer 3

energy storage
insulation
cell membranes
hormone synthesis

Question 4

what makes up a triglyceride?

Answer 4

glycerol and three fatty acids

Question 5

what reactions form triglycerides? what types of linkages are formed?

Answer 5

dehydration reactions

ester linkage

Question 6

what reactions break triglycerides?

Answer 6

hydrolysis

Question 7

what are fatty acids?

Answer 7

carboxylic acids with a hydrocarbon tail

Question 8

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Answer 8

SATURATED: tail is saturated with hydrogens. no double bonds

UNSATURATED: tail isn’t saturated with hydrogens. double bonds

Question 9

what’s a common fat that’s solid at room temp?

Answer 9

butter

Question 10

what do you call an unsaturated fatty acid with one double bond?

Answer 10

monounsaturated fatty acid

Question 11

what do you call an unsaturated fatty acid with two or more double bonds?

Answer 11

polyunsaturated fatty acids

Question 12

ex. of a cis-unsaturated fat you use while cooking?

Answer 12

oil

Question 13

three characteristics of cis-unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 13

1. create kinks in the chain
2. loose packing
3. liquid at room temp

Question 14

two characteristics of trans-unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 14

1. straight like saturated fats
2. tightly packed

Question 15

what term describes phospholipid polarity?

Answer 15

amphipathic

Question 16

what does amphipathic mean?

Answer 16

hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

Question 17

where are phospholipid bilayers found?

Answer 17

cell membranes

Question 18

which of fat is liquid at room temperature?

Answer 18

cis-unsaturated fats

Question 19

what is the difference between a fatty acid and a triglyceride?

Answer 19

TRI: glycerol and three fatty acids

FA: carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon tail

Question 20

name the precursor to steroid hormones

Answer 20

cholesterol

Question 21

how do phospholipids respond in a hot environment?

Answer 21

spread out

Question 22

how do phospholipids respond in a cold environment?

Answer 22

pack tightly

Question 23

what is the role of cholesterol in a cell membrane? why is it important?

Answer 23

maintain healthy distance between phospholipids.

important because overly rigid membranes shatter, and overly flexible membranes leak.

Question 24

how do unsaturated fatty acids affect a membrane?

Answer 24

can make a rigid membrane become a fluid membrane

Question 25

where do we get cholesterol? (2)

Answer 25

- generated by the liver - diet

Question 26

what are the roles of cholesterol? precursor to... (3)

Answer 26

- Vitamin D - Bile acids - Steroid hormones

Question 27

what is the function of lipoproteins?

Answer 27

transport hydrophobic molecules in aqueous environments

Question 28

what do lipoproteins consist of? (2)

Answer 28

coat and core

Question 29

what does the coat of a lipoprotein consist of? (3)

Answer 29

phospholipids cholesterol proteins

Question 30

what does the core of a lipoprotein consist of? (2)

Answer 30

cholesterol triglycerides

Question 31

low density lipoproteins are low density of what? why is that bad? what do they do?

Answer 31

proteins known as BAD cholesterol, lead to narrowing of artery due to deposit of plaque within the artery deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues

Question 32

high density lipoproteins are high density of what? why is that good? what do they do?

Answer 32

high density of proteins known as the GOOD cholesterol because they make stuff like bile salts take cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver

Question 33

name three lipid derivatives

Answer 33

1. waxes 2. carotenoids 3. sphingolipids

Question 34

what type of linkages are found in waxes?

Answer 34

ester linkages

Question 35

what lipid derivative functions as pigment?

Answer 35

carotenoids

Question 36

which lipid derivative is responsible for structural integrity, signal transduction, and cell recognition?

Answer 36

sphingolipids

Question 37

cholesterol origin or not: estradiol

Answer 37

yes

Question 38

cholesterol origin or not: testosterone

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

cholesterol origin or not: Vitamin D

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

cholesterol origin or not: sphingoyelin

Answer 40

no

Question 41

what makes up a nucleoside?

Answer 41

pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base

Question 42

what are examples of nitrogenous bases?

Answer 42

cytosine thymine uracil adenine guanine

Question 43

what is the difference between nucleosides and nucleotides?

Answer 43

nucleotides have one phosphate group

Question 44

how to distinguish purine vs. pyrimidines?

Answer 44

PUR As Gold: PURines are Adenine and Guanine CUT the PY: Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine are Pyrimidines

Question 45

DNA or RNA: thymine vs. uracil

Answer 45

DNA: thymine RNA: uracil

Question 46

what bond is formed when phosphate groups are added to nucleic acids? what does that create?

Answer 46

phosphodiester bond. sugar-phosphate backbone.

Question 47

what bond is formed when phosphate groups are added to nucleic acids? what does that create?

Answer 47

phosphodiester bond. sugar-phosphate backbone.

Question 48

what's on the 5' end of a nucleic acid strand? 3' end?

Answer 48

free phosphate free hydroxyl group

Question 49

in a DNA strand, what is a complementary base?

Answer 49

nitrogenous bases that can H-bond to each other