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DAT: Biology > Chapter 2 (Pt. 1) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (Pt. 1) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three main components in a cell membrane?

A

phospholipids
cholesterol
proteins

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2
Q

what is the structure of a phospholipid? (3)

A
  • glycerol backbone
  • two fatty acid tails
  • hydrophilic phosphate group
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3
Q

what are the two classes of membrane proteins?

A

integral; peripheral

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4
Q

which proteins are embedded in the core of the plasma membrane?

A

integral

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5
Q

which proteins extend all the way through the membrane?

A

transmembrane

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6
Q

role of transmembrane proteins? (2)

A
  • signaling
  • transport large, polar molecules across the cell membrane
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7
Q

which proteins do not extend through the entire bilayer?

A

peripheral

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8
Q

what are the three types of peripheral proteins?

A

receptors

adhesion

recognition

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9
Q

recognition proteins, aka

A

glycoproteins

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10
Q

ligands that bind to a receptor protein and activate its response are called:

A

agonists

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11
Q

ligands that bind to a receptor and prevent it from activating are called:

A

antagonists

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12
Q

agonists vs. antagonists?

A

AGONIST: bind to a receptor protein and activate its response

ANTAGONISTS: bind to a receptor and prevent it from activating

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13
Q

what are the three main factors that affect membrane fluidity?

A

-temperature
-cholesterol
-phospholipid tail unsaturation

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14
Q

which particles can travel directly across the phospholipid bilayer via simple diffusion?

A

small, uncharged, nonpolar

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15
Q

saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids?

A

SATURATED: saturated with hydrogens at each carbon, straight.

UNSATURATED: double bonds, crooked.

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16
Q

osmosis is a type of _______

A

simple diffusion

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17
Q

give a definition and example of simple diffusion:

A

flow of substances down their concentration gradient; no energy.

osmosis.

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18
Q

how do large, hydrophilic molecules travel across the bilayer?

A

facilitated transport by transmembrane proteins?

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19
Q

what are the three main types (directions) of facilitated transport?

A
  • uniport
  • symport
  • antiport
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20
Q

what two classes of transmembrane proteins are involved with facilitated transport?

A

channel; carrier

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21
Q

channel vs. carrier?

A

CHANNEL: faces extra and intra cellular environments

CARRIER: change shape to facilitate the movement of molecules.

22
Q

what are aquaporins?

A

porin that allows water to flow through rapidly

23
Q

porins and ion channels are part of what type of diffusion?

A

passive

24
Q

active transport tends to rely upon which type of proteins?

A

carrier

25
Q

what are the two types of active transport?

A

primary; secondary

26
Q

primary vs. secondary active transport?

A

PRIMARY: uses ATP directly

SECONDARY: uses EC gradient produced by primary active transport

27
Q

can you give an example of primary active transport?

A

Na/K pump

28
Q

what is cytosis?

A

bulk transport of large, polar molecules

29
Q

bulk transport of large, polar molecules is called what?

A

cytosis

30
Q

what are the two types of cytosis?

A

endo and exocytosis

31
Q

what is a type of endocytosis where a cell engulfs undissolved materials

A

phagocytosis

32
Q

phagocytosis forms

A

vacuoles (phagosomes)

33
Q

what is a type of endocytosis where a cell engulfs dissolved materials?

A

pinocytosis (cellular drinking_

34
Q

what is pinocytosis?

A

cellular drinking

35
Q

pinocytosis forms

A

vesicles

36
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis forms

A

vesicles

37
Q

organelles are enclosed by a ?

A

phospholipid bilayer

38
Q

membrane-bound organelles are associated with which cell type?

A

eukaryotes

39
Q

cytosol vs. cytoplasm?

A

cytosol: intracellular fluid

cytoplasm: everything within the cell

40
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

membrane-enclosed organelle that contains most of a eukaryotic cell’s genetic material

41
Q

do prokaryotes have a nucleus?

A

no they have a nucleoid

42
Q

the nucleus contains an aqueous

A

nucleoplasm

43
Q

what is the inner and outer membrane of the nucleus called?

A

nuclear envelope

44
Q

what is the space between the inner and outer nuclear membranes?

A

perinuclear space

45
Q

what is the nuclear lamina?

A

what is a dense and fibrous network of proteins associated with the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope

46
Q

what is a dense and fibrous network of proteins associated with the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope

A

what is the nuclear lamina

47
Q

_______ are a type of intermediate filament that make up the nuclear lamina

A

lamins

48
Q

what are lamins?

A

a type of intermediate filament that make up the nuclear lamina

49
Q

what functions to provide structural support to the nucleus, regulate DNA organization, DNA replication, and cell division

A

nuclear lamina

50
Q

the nuclear envelope has holes called what?

A

nuclear pores

DAT: Biology (8 decks)

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