Chapter 2- Pharmacologic Principles Flashcards
Define adverse drug event:
Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer prescribed medication. Page 33
Define additive effects:
Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. For example, one plus one equals two (compare with synergistic effects). Page 33
Adverse drug reaction:
Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose) Page 34.
Adverse effects:
A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs in therapeutic drug dosages. Page 31
Define agonist:
A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body. Page 30
Define allergic reaction:
And am you know logic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; type of adverse drug event. Page 34
Antagonist:
A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body. Antagonists are also called inhibitors. Page 30
Define antagonistic effects:
Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. One plus one equals less than two; it is usually cause by an antagonizing effect of one drug on another. For example blocking or reducing. Page 33
Define bioavailability:
A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%). Page 22
Biotransformation:
One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug. Biotransformation occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either in active or active. Also known as metabolism. Page 27
Blood-brain barrier:
The barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities (e.g. Bacteria, viruses) between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. It’s still allows for the passage of essential substances such as oxygen. Page 27
Chemical name:
The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug. Page 19
Contraindication:
Any condition, especially when related to a disease state or patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable. Page 31
Cytochrome P-450:
The general name for a large class of enzymes that play significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions. Page 27
Dependence:
A state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need, as for a drug. Page 32
Dissolution:
The process by which solid forms of drug disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble for being absorbed into the circulation. Page 21
Drug:
Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism. Page 19
Drug actions:
The processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells (e.g. The action of a drug on a receptor protein) also called mechanism of action. Page 20
Drug classification:
A method of grouping drugs; maybe based on structure or therapeutic use. Page 20
Drug effects:
The physiological reactions of the body to a drug. They can be therapeutic or toxic and describe how the body is affected as a whole by the drug. The terms onset, peak, and duration are used to describe drug effects (most often referring to therapeutic effects). P. 29
Drug-induced teratogenesis:
The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs. P. 35
Drug interaction:
Alteration in the pharmacologic or pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to the effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs. P. 32
Duration of action:
The length of time the concentration of the drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response. P. 29
Enzymes:
Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the bodies physiologic processes as well as those related to drug metabolism. Page 30
First-pass effect:
The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug Regis systemic circulation through the bloodstream. Page 22
Generic name:
The name given to a drug by the US Adopted Names Council. Also called the nonproprietary name. The generic name is much shorter and simpler than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark. Page 19
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency:
A hereditary condition in which red blood cells breakdown when the body is exposed to certain drugs. Page 34
Half-life:
And pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be illuminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50% (A.k.a. elimination half-life). P. 34
Idiosyncratic reaction:
An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient. Page 34
Incompatibility:
The characteristic that causes to parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs. P. 33
Intraarterial:
Within an artery(e.g. Intraarterial injection) P. 23
Intrathecal:
Within a sheath (e.g. The theca of the spinal cord, as in an intrathecal injection into the subarachnoid space) P 23
Medication error:
Preventable situation in which there is a compromise in the six rights of medication use; it may or may not cause patient harm. P. 33
Medication use process:
Prescribing, Dispensing, Administering of medications, and the Monitoring of the effects. P. 33
Metabolite:
A chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical, the tablet, reactions involving the parent drug. Active metabolites are those that have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if the parent drug is inactive (see prodrug). Inactive metabolites lack pharmacologic activity and are simply drug waste products awaiting excretion from the body, for example, via the urinary, gastrointestinal, or respiratory tract. P. 34
Onset of action:
The time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing. Page 29
Parent drug:
The chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the bodies biochemical reactions and two is active or inactive metabolites. Apparent drug that is not pharmacologically active itself is called a pro drug. A pro drug is the metabolized to pharmacologically active metabolites. Page 22
Prodrug:
And in active drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body. Page 27
Peak effect:
The time required for a drug to reach maximum therapeutic response in the body. Page 22
Peak level:
The maximum concentration of the drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring. Page 30
Pharmaceutics:
The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design. Page 20
Pharmacodynamics:
The study of what the drugs do to the body. Page 20
Pharmacoeconomics:
The study of economic factors impacting the cost of drug therapy. Page 20
Pharmacogenomics:
The study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response, including the nature of genetic aberrations that results in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes (; see Chapter 8) P. 34
Pharmacognosy:
The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources. P. 20
Pharmacokinetics:
The study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body. Pharmacokinetics represent the drug absorption into, distribution and metabolism within, and excretion from the body. Page 20
Pharmacology:
The broadest terms for the studies or science of drugs. P. 19
Pharmacotherapeutics:
The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs. P. 20
Receptor:
A molecular structure within or on the surface of a cell. Receptors bind specific substances, such as drug molecules, and one or more corresponding cellular effects (drug actions) occurs as a result of this drug-receptor interaction. Page 30
Steady state:
The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elumination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose. P. 29
Substrates:
Substances, such as drugs or natural biochemicals in the body, on which enzyme acts Page 27
Synergistic effects:
Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. For example, 1+1 is greater than 2 (compare with additive effects). Hey. 33
Therapeutic drug monitoring:
The process of measuring drug levels to identify a patient’s drug exposure and to allow adjustment of dosages with the goal of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity. Page 30
Therapeutic effect:
The desired or intended effect of a particular medication. Page 30
Therapeutic index:
The ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug. Page 32
Tolerance:
Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use. Page 32
Toxic:
The quality of being poisonous (i.e. to health or dangerous to life). Page 20
Toxicity:
The condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities. Page 30
Toxicology:
The study of poisons, including toxic drug affects, and applicable treatments. Page 20
Trade name:
The commercial name given to a drug product by the manufacturer; also called the proprietary name. Page 19
Trough level:
The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring. Page 30
What are the Phases of drug activity:
- Dose of formulate a drug, administration
A) I pharmaceutical phase: disintegration of dosage form; dissolution of drug and body - Drug available for absorption
B) II pharmacokinetic phase: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion - Drug available for action
C) III pharmacodynamic phase: drug-receptor interaction - Effect
Page 20
Describe enteral route:
Drug administration; the drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the mucosa of the stomach and/or small or large intestine. Page 22
Describe the parenteral route:
The parenteral route is the fastest route by which a drug can be absorbed, followed by the enteral and topical routes; most commonly refers to injection, but is any route other than GI tract
Includes subcutaneous, intradermal, and intramuscular routes
Page 23
Describe the sublingual route:
An enteral route; absorbed into the highly vascularized tissue under the tongue–the oral mucosal
Describe the buccal route:
An enteral route; administration of drugs on the oral mucosal between the cheek and gum
Page 23
Describe topical route:
Application of medications to various body surfaces.
- May be applied to the skin, eyes, ears, nose, lungs, wrecked him, or vagina.
Page 25
Describe the transdermal route:
A topical route; Transdermal patches, adhesive patches
P. 25
Describe inhaled route:
A topical route; Inhaling drugs
Page 25
Describe acute therapy:
Involves more intensive drug treatment and is implemented in the acutely ill (those was rapid onset of illness)
Examples: administration of Vasopressors to maintain blood pressure and cardiac output after open heart surgery, The use of volume expanders for a patient who is in shock, and intensive chemotherapy for a patient with newly diagnosed cancer
Page 31
Describe maintenance therapy:
It does not eradicate problems the patient May already have but will prevent progression of the disease or condition. Used for treatment of chronic illnesses such as hypertension
P. 31
Describe supplemental therapy:
Supplemental, or replacement, therapy supplies the body with the substance needed to maintain normal function. Substance maybe needed either because it cannot be made by the body or because it is produced in insufficient quantity. Examples: administration of insulin to diabetic patients, I rented patients with Iran-deficiency anemia
Page 31
Describe Palliative therapy:
The goal of palliative therapy is to make the patient as comfortable as possible. It focuses on providing patients with relief from the symptoms, pain, and stress of a serious illness. Goal is to him prove quality-of-life for the patient and the family. It is typically used in the end stages of an illness when the times that curative therapy have failed; however it can be provided along with curative treatment. Examples: high-dose opioid analgesics to relieve pain in the final stages of cancer
Page 31
Describe supportive therapy:
Supportive therapy maintains the integrity of body functions while the patient is recovering from illness or trauma.
Examples: provision of fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration and a patient with the flu who is vomiting and has diarrhea, administration of fluid volume expanders or blood products to the patient was lost blood during surgery.
31
Describe prophylactic therapy:
Drug therapy provided to present illness or other undesirable outcome during planned events.
Example: the use of preoperative antibiotics therapy for surgical procedures.
It’s 31
Describe and empiric therapy:
Based on clinical probabilities. It involves drug it ministration what a certain pathological condition has an uncertain but high likelihood of occurrence based on the patient’s initial presenting symptoms. A common example is use of antibiotics active against the organism most commonly associated with a specific infection before the results of the culture and sensitivity reports are available. P. 31
Drug Absorption from Fasted to Slowest:
- Oral disintegration
- Liquids, Elixirs
- Suspension solutions
- Powders
- Capsules
- Tablets
- Coated tablets
- Enteric-coated tablets
Goal for Acute Therapy:
To sustain life or treat disease.
Goal for Maintenance Therapy:
To prevent progression of a disease or condition.
Goal for Supplemental Therapy:
To maintain normal bodily functions
Goal for Palliative Therapy:
To make the patient as comfortable as possible.
Goal for Supportive Therapy:
To maintain integrity of body functions while in recovery
Goal for Prophylactic Therapy:
To prevent illness
Goal for Empiric Therapy:
Preventing the occurrence of a highly likely pathologic condition.
Goal of Monitoring:
To evaluate treatment
Allergic reaction:
Immune response to a medication
Excretion:
The elimination of drugs from the body
