Chapter 2- Pharmacologic Principles Flashcards
Define adverse drug event:
Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer prescribed medication. Page 33
Define additive effects:
Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. For example, one plus one equals two (compare with synergistic effects). Page 33
Adverse drug reaction:
Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose) Page 34.
Adverse effects:
A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs in therapeutic drug dosages. Page 31
Define agonist:
A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body. Page 30
Define allergic reaction:
And am you know logic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; type of adverse drug event. Page 34
Antagonist:
A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body. Antagonists are also called inhibitors. Page 30
Define antagonistic effects:
Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. One plus one equals less than two; it is usually cause by an antagonizing effect of one drug on another. For example blocking or reducing. Page 33
Define bioavailability:
A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%). Page 22
Biotransformation:
One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug. Biotransformation occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either in active or active. Also known as metabolism. Page 27
Blood-brain barrier:
The barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities (e.g. Bacteria, viruses) between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. It’s still allows for the passage of essential substances such as oxygen. Page 27
Chemical name:
The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug. Page 19
Contraindication:
Any condition, especially when related to a disease state or patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable. Page 31
Cytochrome P-450:
The general name for a large class of enzymes that play significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions. Page 27
Dependence:
A state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need, as for a drug. Page 32
Dissolution:
The process by which solid forms of drug disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble for being absorbed into the circulation. Page 21
Drug:
Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism. Page 19
Drug actions:
The processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells (e.g. The action of a drug on a receptor protein) also called mechanism of action. Page 20
Drug classification:
A method of grouping drugs; maybe based on structure or therapeutic use. Page 20
Drug effects:
The physiological reactions of the body to a drug. They can be therapeutic or toxic and describe how the body is affected as a whole by the drug. The terms onset, peak, and duration are used to describe drug effects (most often referring to therapeutic effects). P. 29
Drug-induced teratogenesis:
The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs. P. 35
Drug interaction:
Alteration in the pharmacologic or pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to the effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs. P. 32
Duration of action:
The length of time the concentration of the drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response. P. 29
Enzymes:
Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the bodies physiologic processes as well as those related to drug metabolism. Page 30
First-pass effect:
The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug Regis systemic circulation through the bloodstream. Page 22
Generic name:
The name given to a drug by the US Adopted Names Council. Also called the nonproprietary name. The generic name is much shorter and simpler than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark. Page 19
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency:
A hereditary condition in which red blood cells breakdown when the body is exposed to certain drugs. Page 34
Half-life:
And pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be illuminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50% (A.k.a. elimination half-life). P. 34
Idiosyncratic reaction:
An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient. Page 34
Incompatibility:
The characteristic that causes to parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs. P. 33
Intraarterial:
Within an artery(e.g. Intraarterial injection) P. 23
Intrathecal:
Within a sheath (e.g. The theca of the spinal cord, as in an intrathecal injection into the subarachnoid space) P 23
Medication error:
Preventable situation in which there is a compromise in the six rights of medication use; it may or may not cause patient harm. P. 33
Medication use process:
Prescribing, Dispensing, Administering of medications, and the Monitoring of the effects. P. 33