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Gross Anatomy & Kinesiology Lecture > Chapter 2. (Neuromuscular Fundamentals) > Flashcards

Chapter 2. (Neuromuscular Fundamentals) Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 major types of fiber arrangements

A

-parallel + pennate

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2
Q

> What are 5 categories for PARALLEL muscles

A
  • Flat:
  • Fusiform:
  • Strap:
  • Radiate:
  • Sphincter or circular:
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3
Q

What is an ex. for FLAT muscle

A

-external oblique

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4
Q

What is an ex. for FUSIFORM muscles

A

-bicep brachialis (spindle-shaped)

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5
Q

> What is an ex. for STRAP muscles

A
  • Sartorius (to be cross legged): from hip to knee diagonally
  • > more uniform in diameter, all fibers arranged in long parallel manner
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6
Q

What is an ex. of a RADIATE muscle

A

-pectoralis mjor (triangular/fan-shaped, combined of FLAT and FUSIFORM)

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7
Q

What is an ex. of a sphincter/circular muscles

A

-Orbicularis Oris (surrounding mouth)

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8
Q

What are 3 categories for PENNATE muscles

A

-Unipennate (fibers run obliquely on 1 side)
-Bipennate (fibers run obliquely on both sides)
?-Multipennate (several tendons with fibers running diagonally-all directions)

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9
Q

What is an example of a MULTIPENNATE muscle

A

-deltoid

tendons with fibers running diagonally between each other

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10
Q

> What are 4 muscle tissue properties

A
  • irritability
  • contractility
  • extensibility
  • elasticity
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11
Q

What is the difference between extensibility and elasticity

A
  • Extensiblity: muscle can go back to its original length following CONTRACTION
  • Elasticity: muscle can turn to its original length following STRETCHING (has collagen)
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12
Q

Define Extrinsic muscles

A

-muscles that originate outsie of (proximal to) body part

= ex. forarm muscles attach prox. on distal humerus and insert on fingers

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13
Q

What is innervation

A

-to supply by nerve (providing stimulus to muscle fibers)

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14
Q

Origin is __ attachment and Insertion is ___ attachment

A
  • proximal (least movable)

- distal (most movable)

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15
Q

> Isometric contraction is best for which type of exercises?

A

stationionary exercises

they are STATIC contractions

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16
Q

> What are 2 types of Isotonic muscle contraction

A
  • Concentric: shortening (under tension)

- Eccentric: lengthening (under tension)

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17
Q

> What is isokinetcs

A
  • a type of dynamic exercise using Concentric/eccentric muscle contractions
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18
Q

Which muscle is the PRIME mover; main muscle in action)

A

Agonist muscles

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19
Q

IMPORTANT**

>What are Synergists??

A

-ASSIST in action of Agonist=assist in Refined movement & smooths out undesired motions

*not necessarily prime mover
Ex. Branchialis

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20
Q

> What is another word for Antagonist muscles and what is its function

A

Contralateral muscles;

-works together with agonist by Relaxing + allowing movement

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21
Q

> What are 4 methods of DETERMINING muscle ACTION?

A
  1. anatomical dissection
  2. palpation
  3. models
  4. EMG (electromyograph)
  5. electrical stimulation
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22
Q

What is “Lines of Pull”? ex. BICEPS BRACHII

A

Where fiber pulls= that is where muscle moves

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23
Q

Every muscle fiber is supplied by a ____ which, when an appropriate stimulus is provided, results in a ___

A
  • somatic motor neuron

- muscle contraction

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24
Q

What are 5 levels of control that a stimulus may be processed by the CNS

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • basal ganglia
  • cerebellum
  • brain stem
  • spinal cord
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25
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

-balance and coordination: also regulation of tone

26
Q

> What are 2 important nerve groups in the PNS

A
  • cranial nerves (12-brain)

- spinal nerves (spine)

27
Q

*Cranial nerves 1, 2, and 8 are in charge of what?

A

-Sensory

28
Q

*Cranial nerves 3,4,5,11,12 are in charge of what?

A

-Motor; work on eye

29
Q

> *Cranial nerves 5,7,9,10 are in charge of what?

A

-Sensory & Motor function

30
Q

Cranial nerve 1:

A

Olfactory (sensory)

31
Q

Cranial nerve 2:

A

Optic (sensory)

32
Q

Cranial nerve 3:

A

Oculomotor (motor)= 3 finger scanning with eyes

33
Q

Cranial nerve 4:

A

Trochlear (motor)= looking up

34
Q

Cranial 5:

A

Trigeminal (sensory and motor)= put sweat off of face

35
Q

Cranial 6:

A

Abducens (motor) = hands/eyes to the side

36
Q

Crainal 7:

A

Facial (sensory and motor)= “facial spiders”

37
Q

Cranial 8:

A

Vestibulocochlear (Sensory/Accoustic Nerve)= 4 fingers on each ear

38
Q

Cranial 9:

A

Glossopharyngeal (motor and sensory)=put fingers on throat/ pharynx

39
Q

Cranial 10:

A

Vagus (motor and sensory)= put hands crossed on chest *only nerve that comes down below your neck

40
Q

Cranial 11:

A

Accessory (motor)

41
Q

Cranial 12:

A

Hypoglossal (motor)= make “stars with ahnds and point 2 fingers at tongue

42
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs?

A

31 pairs

43
Q 
How many nerves:
Cervical
Thoracic 
Lumbar Sacral
Coccygeal
A 
C- 8
T-12
L-5
S-5
Coccygeal-1
44
Q

Which Nerves in?
Cervical Plexus:
Branchial Plexus: (sensory and motor)

A

C1-C4

C5-T1

45
Q

Cervical nerves 5-8 and Thoracic nerve 1 form the ___ and supplies ____ &____ function to the upper extremity and sacupla

A
  • Brachial plexus

- motor and sensory function

46
Q

Which nerves in?
Lumbar plexus:
Sacral Plexus:

A

L1-L4

L5-S4

47
Q

The Lumbosacral Plexus consists of ALL ____, ____ & ____ nerves which sypplies sensation and motor function to lower trunk, lower extremity, and perineum

A

Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal

48
Q

*What is the muscle spindle sett off by?

A

speed

49
Q

*What are proprioceptors and what is their function?

A
  • *internal receptors located in skin, joints,muscles & tendons which provide:
  • feedback relative to tension
  • length
  • contraction state of muscle
  • position of body and limbs
  • movements of joints
50
Q

*What are 2 types of proprioceptors specific to muscles?

A
  • muscle spindles

- GTO (golgi tendon organs)

51
Q

Define Kinesthesis

A

-awareness of position & movement of body in space

52
Q

*What are PACINIAN CORPUSCLES ?
Function?
How is it activated?

A
  • An encapsulated RECEPTOR found in deep layers of the skin (around joint capsules, ligaments etc.) that senses vibratory pressure and touch

Function: provides feedback regarding location of body in space following quick movements (ex.jumping)

Activated briefly: by rapid changes in joint angle & pressure changes affecting capsule

53
Q

*Is the Pacinian Corpuscle effective in detecting constant pressure?

A

No, just pressure CHANGES affecting capsule, for a brief time.

54
Q

What is Meissner’s corpuscles Krause’s endbulbs

A

(skin-subcutaneous and touch)

-located in skin and important in receiving stimuli from TOUCH

55
Q

Can Proprioception be enhanced through specific training?

A

Yes!!

56
Q

What is the All or none Principle

A

-regardless of number, individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit will either fire & contract maximally or not at all

57
Q

*When muscle is fully ____, there is most ____

A

-lengthened
-tension
Greatest amount of tension can be developed when a muscle is stretched between 100% to 130% of its resting length

58
Q

When muscle is _contracting__ (concentrically or eccentrically) the _____ is significantly related to the amount of ___

A
  • the rate of length change

- force potential

59
Q

When contracting ___ against a light resistance, muscle is able to contract at a _HIGH VELOCITY__

A

-concentrically

60
Q

Fast eccentric develops most ___

A

-tension

61
Q

*Active insufficiency?

A

has shortened to the point where it cannot develop sufficient tension

62
Q

*Passive insufficiency?

A

has lengthened to the point where it cannot generate sufficient tension

Gross Anatomy & Kinesiology Lecture (11 decks)

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