Chapter 2. (Neuromuscular Fundamentals) Flashcards
What are 2 major types of fiber arrangements
-parallel + pennate
> What are 5 categories for PARALLEL muscles
- Flat:
- Fusiform:
- Strap:
- Radiate:
- Sphincter or circular:
What is an ex. for FLAT muscle
-external oblique
What is an ex. for FUSIFORM muscles
-bicep brachialis (spindle-shaped)
> What is an ex. for STRAP muscles
- Sartorius (to be cross legged): from hip to knee diagonally
- > more uniform in diameter, all fibers arranged in long parallel manner
What is an ex. of a RADIATE muscle
-pectoralis mjor (triangular/fan-shaped, combined of FLAT and FUSIFORM)
What is an ex. of a sphincter/circular muscles
-Orbicularis Oris (surrounding mouth)
What are 3 categories for PENNATE muscles
-Unipennate (fibers run obliquely on 1 side)
-Bipennate (fibers run obliquely on both sides)
?-Multipennate (several tendons with fibers running diagonally-all directions)
What is an example of a MULTIPENNATE muscle
-deltoid
tendons with fibers running diagonally between each other
> What are 4 muscle tissue properties
- irritability
- contractility
- extensibility
- elasticity
What is the difference between extensibility and elasticity
- Extensiblity: muscle can go back to its original length following CONTRACTION
- Elasticity: muscle can turn to its original length following STRETCHING (has collagen)
Define Extrinsic muscles
-muscles that originate outsie of (proximal to) body part
= ex. forarm muscles attach prox. on distal humerus and insert on fingers
What is innervation
-to supply by nerve (providing stimulus to muscle fibers)
Origin is __ attachment and Insertion is ___ attachment
- proximal (least movable)
- distal (most movable)
> Isometric contraction is best for which type of exercises?
stationionary exercises
they are STATIC contractions
> What are 2 types of Isotonic muscle contraction
- Concentric: shortening (under tension)
- Eccentric: lengthening (under tension)
> What is isokinetcs
- a type of dynamic exercise using Concentric/eccentric muscle contractions
Which muscle is the PRIME mover; main muscle in action)
Agonist muscles
IMPORTANT**
>What are Synergists??
-ASSIST in action of Agonist=assist in Refined movement & smooths out undesired motions
*not necessarily prime mover
Ex. Branchialis
> What is another word for Antagonist muscles and what is its function
Contralateral muscles;
-works together with agonist by Relaxing + allowing movement
> What are 4 methods of DETERMINING muscle ACTION?
- anatomical dissection
- palpation
- models
- EMG (electromyograph)
- electrical stimulation
What is “Lines of Pull”? ex. BICEPS BRACHII
Where fiber pulls= that is where muscle moves
Every muscle fiber is supplied by a ____ which, when an appropriate stimulus is provided, results in a ___
- somatic motor neuron
- muscle contraction
What are 5 levels of control that a stimulus may be processed by the CNS
- cerebral cortex
- basal ganglia
- cerebellum
- brain stem
- spinal cord
What is the function of the cerebellum
-balance and coordination: also regulation of tone
> What are 2 important nerve groups in the PNS
- cranial nerves (12-brain)
- spinal nerves (spine)
*Cranial nerves 1, 2, and 8 are in charge of what?
-Sensory
*Cranial nerves 3,4,5,11,12 are in charge of what?
-Motor; work on eye
> *Cranial nerves 5,7,9,10 are in charge of what?
-Sensory & Motor function
Cranial nerve 1:
Olfactory (sensory)
Cranial nerve 2:
Optic (sensory)
Cranial nerve 3:
Oculomotor (motor)= 3 finger scanning with eyes
Cranial nerve 4:
Trochlear (motor)= looking up
Cranial 5:
Trigeminal (sensory and motor)= put sweat off of face
Cranial 6:
Abducens (motor) = hands/eyes to the side
Crainal 7:
Facial (sensory and motor)= “facial spiders”
Cranial 8:
Vestibulocochlear (Sensory/Accoustic Nerve)= 4 fingers on each ear
Cranial 9:
Glossopharyngeal (motor and sensory)=put fingers on throat/ pharynx
Cranial 10:
Vagus (motor and sensory)= put hands crossed on chest *only nerve that comes down below your neck
Cranial 11:
Accessory (motor)
Cranial 12:
Hypoglossal (motor)= make “stars with ahnds and point 2 fingers at tongue
How many spinal nerve pairs?
31 pairs
How many nerves: Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal
C- 8 T-12 L-5 S-5 Coccygeal-1
Which Nerves in?
Cervical Plexus:
Branchial Plexus: (sensory and motor)
C1-C4
C5-T1
Cervical nerves 5-8 and Thoracic nerve 1 form the ___ and supplies ____ &____ function to the upper extremity and sacupla
- Brachial plexus
- motor and sensory function
Which nerves in?
Lumbar plexus:
Sacral Plexus:
L1-L4
L5-S4
The Lumbosacral Plexus consists of ALL ____, ____ & ____ nerves which sypplies sensation and motor function to lower trunk, lower extremity, and perineum
Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal
*What is the muscle spindle sett off by?
speed
*What are proprioceptors and what is their function?
- *internal receptors located in skin, joints,muscles & tendons which provide:
- feedback relative to tension
- length
- contraction state of muscle
- position of body and limbs
- movements of joints
*What are 2 types of proprioceptors specific to muscles?
- muscle spindles
- GTO (golgi tendon organs)
Define Kinesthesis
-awareness of position & movement of body in space
*What are PACINIAN CORPUSCLES ?
Function?
How is it activated?
- An encapsulated RECEPTOR found in deep layers of the skin (around joint capsules, ligaments etc.) that senses vibratory pressure and touch
Function: provides feedback regarding location of body in space following quick movements (ex.jumping)
Activated briefly: by rapid changes in joint angle & pressure changes affecting capsule
*Is the Pacinian Corpuscle effective in detecting constant pressure?
No, just pressure CHANGES affecting capsule, for a brief time.
What is Meissner’s corpuscles Krause’s endbulbs
(skin-subcutaneous and touch)
-located in skin and important in receiving stimuli from TOUCH
Can Proprioception be enhanced through specific training?
Yes!!
What is the All or none Principle
-regardless of number, individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit will either fire & contract maximally or not at all
*When muscle is fully ____, there is most ____
-lengthened
-tension
Greatest amount of tension can be developed when a muscle is stretched between 100% to 130% of its resting length
When muscle is _contracting__ (concentrically or eccentrically) the _____ is significantly related to the amount of ___
- the rate of length change
- force potential
When contracting ___ against a light resistance, muscle is able to contract at a _HIGH VELOCITY__
-concentrically
Fast eccentric develops most ___
-tension
*Active insufficiency?
has shortened to the point where it cannot develop sufficient tension
*Passive insufficiency?
has lengthened to the point where it cannot generate sufficient tension
