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Kinesiology > Chapter 2 Kinesiology for the OTA > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Kinesiology for the OTA Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

 Brain and spinal cord
 Upper motor neurons (UMN)
 Spastic paralysis
 Hypertonia
 Minimal to no atrophy

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

 All neural tissue outside of the CNS
 Lower motor neurons (LMN)
 Anterior horn cell
 Peripheral nerves
 Flaccid paralysis
 Hypotonia
 Significant atrophy

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3
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

 Regulates functions of vital organs
 Innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

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4
Q

Cerebral or motor cortex

A

Voluntary movement

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5
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Posture, equilibrium

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6
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates movements, timing

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7
Q

Brain stem

A

Integration of CNS, muscle tone, respiration

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8
Q

Spinal cord

A

Integrates reflexes and higher level activity

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9
Q

Cardiovascular and Respiratory
System Functions
 Functions that support the muscular system

A

 Oxygenation
 Metabolic needs
 Waste removal
 Interdependent systems

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10
Q

Cardiovascular and Respiratory
System Functions
Muscular system support

A

 Muscle contraction aids blood flow
 Muscles of inspiration and expiration allow breathing to occur

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11
Q

Cardiovascular and Respiratory
System Functions
Disease or limitations can lead to decreased

A

 Endurance
 Functional movement
 Independence
 Examples
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
 Congestive heart failure
 Asthma

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12
Q

Muscular Functions
 Contractions
 Isometric

A

 Tension develops in muscle
 No change in muscle length or joint angle
 Static

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13
Q

Isotonic

A

 Maintains muscle at equal tension
 Length of muscle changes causing change in joint angle
 Dynamic

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14
Q

Concentric

A

 Muscle shortens
 Joint angle decreases
 Overcomes resistance

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15
Q

Eccentric

A

 Muscle lengthens under stress
 Joint angle increases
 Muscle does not overcome resistance
 Deceleration

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16
Q

Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
Irritability

A

-Ability to shorten
-Ability to be stretched or lengthened
-Ability to return to original length
-Ability to respond to a stimulus

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17
Q

Speed of contraction dependent on

A

 Diameter of axon
 Thickness of myelin sheath
 Properties of the muscle fiber
 The faster the contraction, the more quickly the muscle fatigues
 Muscles that contract more slowly are better suited for tasks requiring endurance

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18
Q

Strength of contraction dependent on

A

 Number of muscle fibers recruited
 Size of muscle fibers
 Size of axon
 The larger each of these are, the stronger the contraction

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19
Q

Support
Protection
Movement
Other functions

A

 Framework
 Attachments for muscles

 Vital organs such as brain, heart, and lungs

 Joints

 Blood cell formation
 Mineral storage

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20
Q

Synarthrodial

A

Immovable such as suture joints in skull

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21
Q

Amphiarthrodial

A

Limited movement, cartilaginous, pubic symphysis

22
Q

Diarthrodial

A

 Freely moveable, synovial
 Majority of joints in the body are of this type
Amount of movement determined by degrees
of freedom

23
Q

Diarthrodial - One degree of freedom

A

 Moves in one plane around one axis
 Hinge

24
Q

Diarthrodial -Two degrees of freedom

A

 Can move in 2 planes around 2 axes
 Metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers

25
Q

Diarthrodial -Three degrees of freedom

A

 Can move in 3 planes around 3 axes
 Ball and socket

26
Q

Accessory motions:

A

 Cannot be performed voluntarily
 Accompany normal movement
 Allow pain free range of motion

27
Q

types of Accessory motions:

A

 Roll
-Also known as rocking
 Glide
-Also known as slide or translation
 Spin

28
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Autonomic

A

 Maintains internal balance

29
Q

PNS Somatic

A

Responds to external environment

30
Q

PNS Sensory

A

 Afferent or ascending
 Specific area of skindermatome

31
Q

PNS Motor

A

 Efferent or descending
 Muscular movement

32
Q

Segmental

A

Direct supply to specific area from single nerve root

33
Q

Plexus

A

 Interjoining and branching off of nerve roots
 Brachial
 C5 to T1
 Lumbosacral
 L1 to S3

34
Q

Muscle cell
 Sarcomere
 Twitch
Fasciculus
 Motor unit

A

= muscle fiber
= contractile unit in muscle fiber
= responds to single stimulus
= several muscle fibers together
= one motor neuron and all muscle fibers innervated by it

35
Q

Motor Unit

A

 Building block of muscle tone
 Allow for graded contractions
 Several motor units make up one muscle.
 If activated, the entire motor unit responds.
 Number of motor units activated in any muscle at any given time can vary.
 This is one determinant of the strength of the contraction.

36
Q

Fiber Arrangement: 2 main types

A

 Pennate
-Favor force
- Oblique
 Parallel
-Favor range of motion
-Run length of muscle
 Both types can be further subdivided by shape

37
Q

Active insufficiency

A

 The muscle cannot contract sufficiently for full ROM at all joints
 Requires active contraction from client
 May feel a cramping sensation

38
Q

Passive insufficiency

A

 The muscle cannot stretch sufficiently for full ROM at all joints
 Client receives passive stretch
 Manual
 From effects of gravity
 May feel a burning sensation

39
Q

Tenodesis

A

 Special case of passive insufficiency
 Allows increased grasp

40
Q

Related Factors—Pack Position
open

A

 Less contact area between joint surfaces
 Less stable position
 More injuries occur in this position

41
Q

Pack closed

A

 Largest possible surface area in contact with each other; joint
“closest” together; optimum fit
 Provides most stability

42
Q

Newton’s laws of motion

A

 1st law—law of inertia
 2nd law—law of acceleration
 3rd law—law of action and reaction

43
Q

Secondary forces

A

 Joint compression
- Pushing together toward center of joint
 Joint traction
-Pulling apart or away from center
 Pressure
- Can lead to decubiti

44
Q

Special case—Force couple

A

 Two or more forces with similar magnitude
 Opposite or significantly different direction of force
 Applied to the same object at the same time
 Causes rotary movement
 Creates increased force or strength of movement

45
Q

Force is a vector quantity

A

 Must have magnitude
 Must have direction
 Linear
-Straight path
- Curvilinear path
 Rotary

46
Q

Point of application of force

A

 Through center of gravitylinear movement
 Elsewhererotary movement

47
Q

External forces—Fluid forces

A

 Lift
 Caused by differences in flow velocity around an object
 Flow over one side is faster than flow over the opposite
side
 Requires velocity to occur
 Acts perpendicular to the direction of flow
 Flow is usually horizontal; therefore, lift is vertical

48
Q

 External forces—Fluid forces
 Drag

A

 Resistance to forward motion
 Requires velocity to occur
 Larger surface area creates more drag; streamlining
decreases drag
 Water provides more drag than air

49
Q

 External forces—Fluid forces
 Buoyancy

A

 Upward force equal to weight of displaced air or fluid
 Has greater effect in water
 Working in water can:
 Unload weight from painful joints
 Better support body weight for weakened individual

50
Q

External forces—Fluid forces

A

 Occur in air or liquids such as water
 Same principles apply to both
 All are forms of resistance
 Increased velocity increases effects of lift and drag

Kinesiology (3 decks)

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