Chapter 2 Kinesiology for the OTA Flashcards
Central nervous system (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord
Upper motor neurons (UMN)
Spastic paralysis
Hypertonia
Minimal to no atrophy
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
All neural tissue outside of the CNS
Lower motor neurons (LMN)
Anterior horn cell
Peripheral nerves
Flaccid paralysis
Hypotonia
Significant atrophy
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Regulates functions of vital organs
Innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
Cerebral or motor cortex
Voluntary movement
Basal ganglia
Posture, equilibrium
Cerebellum
Coordinates movements, timing
Brain stem
Integration of CNS, muscle tone, respiration
Spinal cord
Integrates reflexes and higher level activity
Cardiovascular and Respiratory
System Functions
Functions that support the muscular system
Oxygenation
Metabolic needs
Waste removal
Interdependent systems
Cardiovascular and Respiratory
System Functions
Muscular system support
Muscle contraction aids blood flow
Muscles of inspiration and expiration allow breathing to occur
Cardiovascular and Respiratory
System Functions
Disease or limitations can lead to decreased
Endurance
Functional movement
Independence
Examples
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Congestive heart failure
Asthma
Muscular Functions
Contractions
Isometric
Tension develops in muscle
No change in muscle length or joint angle
Static
Isotonic
Maintains muscle at equal tension
Length of muscle changes causing change in joint angle
Dynamic
Concentric
Muscle shortens
Joint angle decreases
Overcomes resistance
Eccentric
Muscle lengthens under stress
Joint angle increases
Muscle does not overcome resistance
Deceleration
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
Irritability
-Ability to shorten
-Ability to be stretched or lengthened
-Ability to return to original length
-Ability to respond to a stimulus
Speed of contraction dependent on
Diameter of axon
Thickness of myelin sheath
Properties of the muscle fiber
The faster the contraction, the more quickly the muscle fatigues
Muscles that contract more slowly are better suited for tasks requiring endurance
Strength of contraction dependent on
Number of muscle fibers recruited
Size of muscle fibers
Size of axon
The larger each of these are, the stronger the contraction
Support
Protection
Movement
Other functions
Framework
Attachments for muscles
Vital organs such as brain, heart, and lungs
Joints
Blood cell formation
Mineral storage
Synarthrodial
Immovable such as suture joints in skull
Amphiarthrodial
Limited movement, cartilaginous, pubic symphysis
Diarthrodial
Freely moveable, synovial
Majority of joints in the body are of this type
Amount of movement determined by degrees
of freedom
Diarthrodial - One degree of freedom
Moves in one plane around one axis
Hinge
Diarthrodial -Two degrees of freedom
Can move in 2 planes around 2 axes
Metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers
Diarthrodial -Three degrees of freedom
Can move in 3 planes around 3 axes
Ball and socket
Accessory motions:
Cannot be performed voluntarily
Accompany normal movement
Allow pain free range of motion
types of Accessory motions:
Roll
-Also known as rocking
Glide
-Also known as slide or translation
Spin
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Autonomic
Maintains internal balance
PNS Somatic
Responds to external environment
PNS Sensory
Afferent or ascending
Specific area of skindermatome
PNS Motor
Efferent or descending
Muscular movement
Segmental
Direct supply to specific area from single nerve root
Plexus
Interjoining and branching off of nerve roots
Brachial
C5 to T1
Lumbosacral
L1 to S3
Muscle cell
Sarcomere
Twitch
Fasciculus
Motor unit
= muscle fiber
= contractile unit in muscle fiber
= responds to single stimulus
= several muscle fibers together
= one motor neuron and all muscle fibers innervated by it
Motor Unit
Building block of muscle tone
Allow for graded contractions
Several motor units make up one muscle.
If activated, the entire motor unit responds.
Number of motor units activated in any muscle at any given time can vary.
This is one determinant of the strength of the contraction.
Fiber Arrangement: 2 main types
Pennate
-Favor force
- Oblique
Parallel
-Favor range of motion
-Run length of muscle
Both types can be further subdivided by shape
Active insufficiency
The muscle cannot contract sufficiently for full ROM at all joints
Requires active contraction from client
May feel a cramping sensation
Passive insufficiency
The muscle cannot stretch sufficiently for full ROM at all joints
Client receives passive stretch
Manual
From effects of gravity
May feel a burning sensation
Tenodesis
Special case of passive insufficiency
Allows increased grasp
Related Factors—Pack Position
open
Less contact area between joint surfaces
Less stable position
More injuries occur in this position
Pack closed
Largest possible surface area in contact with each other; joint
“closest” together; optimum fit
Provides most stability
Newton’s laws of motion
1st law—law of inertia
2nd law—law of acceleration
3rd law—law of action and reaction
Secondary forces
Joint compression
- Pushing together toward center of joint
Joint traction
-Pulling apart or away from center
Pressure
- Can lead to decubiti
Special case—Force couple
Two or more forces with similar magnitude
Opposite or significantly different direction of force
Applied to the same object at the same time
Causes rotary movement
Creates increased force or strength of movement
Force is a vector quantity
Must have magnitude
Must have direction
Linear
-Straight path
- Curvilinear path
Rotary
Point of application of force
Through center of gravitylinear movement
Elsewhererotary movement
External forces—Fluid forces
Lift
Caused by differences in flow velocity around an object
Flow over one side is faster than flow over the opposite
side
Requires velocity to occur
Acts perpendicular to the direction of flow
Flow is usually horizontal; therefore, lift is vertical
External forces—Fluid forces
Drag
Resistance to forward motion
Requires velocity to occur
Larger surface area creates more drag; streamlining
decreases drag
Water provides more drag than air
External forces—Fluid forces
Buoyancy
Upward force equal to weight of displaced air or fluid
Has greater effect in water
Working in water can:
Unload weight from painful joints
Better support body weight for weakened individual
External forces—Fluid forces
Occur in air or liquids such as water
Same principles apply to both
All are forms of resistance
Increased velocity increases effects of lift and drag