Chapter 2 Kinesiology for the OTA

Question 1

Central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 1

 Brain and spinal cord
 Upper motor neurons (UMN)
 Spastic paralysis
 Hypertonia
 Minimal to no atrophy

Question 2

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 2

 All neural tissue outside of the CNS
 Lower motor neurons (LMN)
 Anterior horn cell
 Peripheral nerves
 Flaccid paralysis
 Hypotonia
 Significant atrophy

Question 3

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Answer 3

 Regulates functions of vital organs
 Innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

Question 4

Cerebral or motor cortex

Answer 4

Voluntary movement

Question 5

Basal ganglia

Answer 5

Posture, equilibrium

Question 6

Cerebellum

Answer 6

Coordinates movements, timing

Question 7

Brain stem

Answer 7

Integration of CNS, muscle tone, respiration

Question 8

Spinal cord

Answer 8

Integrates reflexes and higher level activity

Question 9

Cardiovascular and Respiratory
System Functions
 Functions that support the muscular system

Answer 9

 Oxygenation
 Metabolic needs
 Waste removal
 Interdependent systems

Question 10

Cardiovascular and Respiratory
System Functions
Muscular system support

Answer 10

 Muscle contraction aids blood flow
 Muscles of inspiration and expiration allow breathing to occur

Question 11

Cardiovascular and Respiratory
System Functions
Disease or limitations can lead to decreased

Answer 11

 Endurance
 Functional movement
 Independence
 Examples
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
 Congestive heart failure
 Asthma

Question 12

Muscular Functions
 Contractions
 Isometric

Answer 12

 Tension develops in muscle
 No change in muscle length or joint angle
 Static

Question 13

Isotonic

Answer 13

 Maintains muscle at equal tension
 Length of muscle changes causing change in joint angle
 Dynamic

Question 14

Concentric

Answer 14

 Muscle shortens
 Joint angle decreases
 Overcomes resistance

Question 15

Eccentric

Answer 15

 Muscle lengthens under stress
 Joint angle increases
 Muscle does not overcome resistance
 Deceleration

Question 16

Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
Irritability

Answer 16

-Ability to shorten
-Ability to be stretched or lengthened
-Ability to return to original length
-Ability to respond to a stimulus

Question 17

Speed of contraction dependent on

Answer 17

 Diameter of axon
 Thickness of myelin sheath
 Properties of the muscle fiber
 The faster the contraction, the more quickly the muscle fatigues
 Muscles that contract more slowly are better suited for tasks requiring endurance

Question 18

Strength of contraction dependent on

Answer 18

 Number of muscle fibers recruited
 Size of muscle fibers
 Size of axon
 The larger each of these are, the stronger the contraction

Question 19

Support
Protection
Movement
Other functions

Answer 19

 Framework
 Attachments for muscles

 Vital organs such as brain, heart, and lungs

 Joints

 Blood cell formation
 Mineral storage

Question 20

Synarthrodial

Answer 20

Immovable such as suture joints in skull

Question 21

Amphiarthrodial

Answer 21

Limited movement, cartilaginous, pubic symphysis

Question 22

Diarthrodial

Answer 22

 Freely moveable, synovial
 Majority of joints in the body are of this type
Amount of movement determined by degrees
of freedom

Question 23

Diarthrodial - One degree of freedom

Answer 23

 Moves in one plane around one axis
 Hinge

Question 24

Diarthrodial -Two degrees of freedom

Answer 24

 Can move in 2 planes around 2 axes
 Metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers

Question 25

Diarthrodial -Three degrees of freedom

Answer 25

 Can move in 3 planes around 3 axes  Ball and socket

Question 26

Accessory motions:

Answer 26

 Cannot be performed voluntarily  Accompany normal movement  Allow pain free range of motion

Question 27

types of Accessory motions:

Answer 27

 Roll -Also known as rocking  Glide -Also known as slide or translation  Spin

Question 28

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Autonomic

Answer 28

 Maintains internal balance

Question 29

PNS Somatic

Answer 29

Responds to external environment

Question 30

PNS Sensory

Answer 30

 Afferent or ascending  Specific area of skindermatome

Question 31

PNS Motor

Answer 31

 Efferent or descending  Muscular movement

Question 32

Segmental

Answer 32

Direct supply to specific area from single nerve root

Question 33

Plexus

Answer 33

 Interjoining and branching off of nerve roots  Brachial  C5 to T1  Lumbosacral  L1 to S3

Question 34

Muscle cell  Sarcomere  Twitch Fasciculus  Motor unit

Answer 34

= muscle fiber = contractile unit in muscle fiber = responds to single stimulus = several muscle fibers together = one motor neuron and all muscle fibers innervated by it

Question 35

Motor Unit

Answer 35

 Building block of muscle tone  Allow for graded contractions  Several motor units make up one muscle.  If activated, the entire motor unit responds.  Number of motor units activated in any muscle at any given time can vary.  This is one determinant of the strength of the contraction.

Question 36

Fiber Arrangement: 2 main types

Answer 36

 Pennate -Favor force - Oblique  Parallel -Favor range of motion -Run length of muscle  Both types can be further subdivided by shape

Question 37

Active insufficiency

Answer 37

 The muscle cannot contract sufficiently for full ROM at all joints  Requires active contraction from client  May feel a cramping sensation

Question 38

Passive insufficiency

Answer 38

 The muscle cannot stretch sufficiently for full ROM at all joints  Client receives passive stretch  Manual  From effects of gravity  May feel a burning sensation

Question 39

Tenodesis

Answer 39

 Special case of passive insufficiency  Allows increased grasp

Question 40

Related Factors—Pack Position open

Answer 40

 Less contact area between joint surfaces  Less stable position  More injuries occur in this position

Question 41

Pack closed

Answer 41

 Largest possible surface area in contact with each other; joint “closest” together; optimum fit  Provides most stability

Question 42

Newton’s laws of motion

Answer 42

 1st law—law of inertia  2nd law—law of acceleration  3rd law—law of action and reaction

Question 43

Secondary forces

Answer 43

 Joint compression - Pushing together toward center of joint  Joint traction -Pulling apart or away from center  Pressure - Can lead to decubiti

Question 44

Special case—Force couple

Answer 44

 Two or more forces with similar magnitude  Opposite or significantly different direction of force  Applied to the same object at the same time  Causes rotary movement  Creates increased force or strength of movement

Question 45

Force is a vector quantity

Answer 45

 Must have magnitude  Must have direction  Linear -Straight path - Curvilinear path  Rotary

Question 46

Point of application of force

Answer 46

 Through center of gravitylinear movement  Elsewhererotary movement

Question 47

External forces—Fluid forces

Answer 47

 Lift  Caused by differences in flow velocity around an object  Flow over one side is faster than flow over the opposite side  Requires velocity to occur  Acts perpendicular to the direction of flow  Flow is usually horizontal; therefore, lift is vertical

Question 48

 External forces—Fluid forces  Drag

Answer 48

 Resistance to forward motion  Requires velocity to occur  Larger surface area creates more drag; streamlining decreases drag  Water provides more drag than air

Question 49

 External forces—Fluid forces  Buoyancy

Answer 49

 Upward force equal to weight of displaced air or fluid  Has greater effect in water  Working in water can:  Unload weight from painful joints  Better support body weight for weakened individual

Question 50

External forces—Fluid forces

Answer 50

 Occur in air or liquids such as water  Same principles apply to both  All are forms of resistance  Increased velocity increases effects of lift and drag