ch 4 Flashcards
Neuromusculoskeletal and Movement-Related Body Functions
Joint Mobility
Joint Stability
Muscle Power
Muscle Tone
Muscle Endurance
Involuntary Movement Reactions
Gait patterns
Performance Skills (Examples…)
Motor Skills
Bends
Paces
Coordinates
Maintains
Stabilizes
Manipulates
Endures
Walks
Motor Behavior
Motor development
Motor learning
Motor control
Motor development identifies the changes in movement behavior that occur as the client progresses through the lifespan from infancy until death.
Includes events covering months and years
Motor Milestones of the Developmental Sequence
Motor Behavior
Motor learning is also defined as the acquisition or modification of learned movement patterns over time.
Includes events over hours, days, weeks
Considers person, task, and environment
Full discussion outside the scope of this text
Motor Behavior
Motor control is defined as the outcome of motor learning
involving the ability to produce purposeful movements of the
extremities and postural adjustments in response to activity and environment demands.
Includes events over short time intervals
Very similar concept to motor skills
Movement Characteristics
Adaptive Motor Behaviors
Abnormal atypical movement
Characterized by the inability to produce the desired
movement strategy necessary to complete an activity or
occupation within generally accepted parameters
Complete lack of movement options
Examples include flaccid paralysis following stroke and not being able to write
Movement Characteristics
Adaptive Motor Behaviors
Normal atypical movement
Reflects the motor behavior response of a client/individual
when typical movement strategies are temporarily or
completely no longer feasible
Movement characteristics include awkward, inefficient,
uncoordinated, conscious thought; low complexity; limited
movement options; increased time needed; low joint angle;
one joint motion; low velocity; and low acceleration
Movement Characteristics
Adaptive Motor Behaviors
Normal typical movement
Ability to access and select from numerous movement
possibilities to produce multiplanar, complex combinations of
movement
(Greene & Wolf, 1989)
Movement characteristics include smooth; coordinated;
efficient; automatic;
Movement Characteristics
Adaptive Motor Behaviors
Normal (enhanced) typical movement
Motor behavior allows for high efficiency, adaptability, and
consistency in performance of a task in a variety of
environments.
Specific to the individual, task, and context.
Quite often does not occur naturally
Posture
State of the body in relationship to gravity, the ground and
to its body parts or extremities.”
Postural Control:
The regulation of the body’s position in space for
the dual purpose of stability and orientation.”
anticipatory Postural Movements:
“Reflect movements of the trunk or posture in response to changes in task or environmental demands.”
Posture and Anticipatory
Postural Movements
Stability refers to the ability to maintain the body in equilibrium.
Center of gravity (COG) refers to the balance point of an object
where all sides are equal.
Line of gravity (LOG) is the vertical line from the COG to the earth and base of support
Principles of stability
- Lowering the COG will increase stability.
- COG and line of gravity must remain in the base of support for stability.
- Increasing the base of support will increase the stability.
- Increasing the mass will increase the stability.
- Increasing friction between the object and surface will increase stability.
- Focusing on a spot will increase stability.
There are many different methods to assess movement.
Amount of use and quality of use scales
Range of motion (ROM)
Manual muscle testing (MMT)
Levels to assess movement
- Action: Can the client complete activity?
- Movement: Movement strategies used
- Neuromotor process: Body functions impacting movement
ROM
arc of motion through
which a joint moves.
AROM.
describes the joint movements as the client alone moves a joint through the available ROM.
PROM
on the other hand, refers to joint movement created by the OTA moving the extremity.
AAROM
involves the therapist
manually assisting the client to move the joint; however, the client also activates some joint motion
Measurement of ROM with goniometer
Has moving arm, stable arm, and axis
Use neutral zero method of ROM measurement
0 to 180 degrees for possible normal ROM measurement
25 to 180 degrees identifies ROM limitation at starting
position
0 to 95 degrees for possible ROM limitation at end range
A (-) “negative” sign can mean a loss of ROM at the starting
position
A (+) “positive” sign can mean ROM past the starting
position for a joint extension or hyperextension
Soft end feel:
The feel experienced when two muscle groups are
compressed
Firm end feel
the feel experienced when a normal joint or
ligament is stretched
Hard end feel
he feel experienced when two bones block motion
Abnormal end feel
the feel experienced when the typical quality of feel is different.
Introduction to Gross
Manual Muscle Testing
MMT is graded on a scale from “0” to “5” where the MMT grade of “0” is equivalent to no muscular contraction or movement and the MMT
grade of “5” is equivalent to normal MMT strength.
0 Zero
1 Trace (T)
2 Poor (P)
3 Fair (F)
4 Good (G)
5 Normal (N)
The steps of MMT include
- Positioning the client and extremity
- Stabilizing the joint
- Palpating appropriate joint muscle groups
- Observing muscle contractions
- Resisting muscles
- Grading strength
