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CH 1 FAOT Flashcards

1
Q

Insertion

A

 More movable attachment
 Usually distal

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2
Q

Origin

A

 Attachment that moves the least
 Usually proximal

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3
Q

Sagittal plane:

A

 Divides body into right and left sides
 Midsagittal plane in center of body (midline)
 Flexion and extension movements

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4
Q

Frontal plane:

A

 Coronal plane
 Divides body into anterior and posterior portions
 Abduction and adduction movements

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5
Q

Transverse plane:

A

 Divides body into inferior and superior portions
 Rotatory (rotary) movements

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6
Q

Axes of Motion

A

Joints rotate around axes of motion.
Axis is joint’s center of rotation.

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7
Q

Frontal axis:

A

Medial to lateral

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8
Q

Sagittal axis:

A

Anterior to posterior

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9
Q

Vertical axis:

A

Inferior to superior

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10
Q

Kinetic Chains

A

Cooperative, interdependent movement of segments and joints of the body

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11
Q

Closed-chain:

A

 Functional movement
 Proximal joints moving in relation to fixed/distal segment
 Promote stabilization
 Examples:
 Pushing a grocery cart
 Squatting to pick up a box

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12
Q

Open-chain:

A

 Free movement of distal segment in space
 Allows joints to move together OR independently of others
 Promotes mobility
 Example: conducting an orchestra

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13
Q

Force

A

Any push or pull of matter

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14
Q

Tensile force:

A

Pulling

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15
Q

Compressive force:

A

Pushing

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16
Q

Moment:

A

 Turning effect of force
 Ability to rotate an object around an axis
 Synonymous with torque

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17
Q

Action:

A

 Specific motion a muscle can generate at a joint
 Synonymous with moment

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18
Q

Moment arm:

A

 Lever arm
 Distance from a joint to the muscle

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19
Q

Mechanical advantage:

A

Leverage

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20
Q

Levers:

A

 Pulley systems
 Provide mechanical advantage
 Generate functional motion

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21
Q

First-class lever:

A

 Exerted force and resistive force on opposite sides of axis
 Examples: seesaw, human neck

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22
Q

Second-class lever:

A

 Resistive force closer to
axis than exerted force
and on same side
 Examples: using a
wheelbarrow, the ankle

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23
Q

Third-class lever:

A

 Most common in human body
 Allows for higher-velocity
movements

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24
Q

Joint reaction force:

A

 Force generated within the joint in response to external forces acting upon it

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25
Stress:
 Amount of applied force per area  Example: pounds per square inch
26
Strain:
 Amount of material displacement under specific amount of stress
27
Elasticity
 The ability to stretch and return to the original shape
28
Young’s modulus:
 Stiffness of a material  Stress-strain diagram
29
Elastic deformation:
Ability to return to normal shape after strain
30
Yield point:
Maximum stress that can be sustained before tissue failure
31
Plastic deformation:
 Sprain  Permanent deformation of tissue but retains continuity
32
Biomechanics:
Examines the structure, function, and motion of the biological systems that make up a living organism
33
Biomechanics of Bone
Made of collagen and calcium Cortical bone:  Greater mineral content than collagen  Shaft of long bones  Rigid support Cancellous (spongy) bone:  Higher collagen content  Found in marrow cavity and at end of long bones
34
Articular (hyaline) cartilage:
 Covers ends of long bones  Dense connective tissue to absorb force between bones  Multiple layers
35
Ligaments:
 Connect bone to bone  Joint stability
36
Tendons
 Connect muscle to bone  Transfer force
37
Joint capsule:
 Dense fibrous sleeve around synovial joint  Passive stability  Contains synovial fluid
38
Aponeurosis:
 Fibrous insertion that connects adjacent muscles  Example: aponeurosis of abdominal muscles that forms rectus sheath
39
Three types of muscle:
 Skeletal (striated)  Cardiac (heart)  Smooth (visceral)
40
Biceps Brachii
Biceps brachii contraction flexes the elbow
41
Upper Trapezius
 Acts in multiple directions  Elevates the scapula  Flexes the cervical spine laterally
42
Smooth Muscle
 Involuntary muscle  Internal organs (intestines and vessels)  Nonstriated  Contracts slowly and automatically
43
Cardiac Muscle
 Forms muscular components of heart (myocardium)  Striated and in segments
44
Skeletal Muscle
 Moves bones of skeleton  Supplies force for purposeful movement  Striated and alternating bands of fibers
45
Endomysium:
Surrounds each individual muscle fiber
46
Perimysium
Surrounds fascicles (groups of muscle fibers)
47
Epimysium
Surrounds groups of fascicles
48
Myofibrils
Long cylindrical strands of contractile proteins
49
Sarcomeres
Contractile units of a muscle
50
Actin
Protein composing thin filaments
51
Myosin
 Protein composing thick filaments  Forms central shaft of each sarcomere
52
Titin filaments:
 Stabilizing border around myosin  Limits excursion
53
Z discs:
 Connect actin filaments  Divide sarcomeres
54
Motor unit:
 A single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates  Commands are all-or-none
55
Physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA):
 Area of a cross section of muscle at its widest point  PCSA and length are proportional to muscle strength
56
Pennate muscles:
 Fibers oriented obliquely (slanted)  Multipennate, bipennate, and unipennate
57
Fusiform muscles:
Fibers oriented parallel to line of force
58
Neuromuscular Control
 A single muscle is made up of many motor units that send separate all-or- none signals to sarcomeres
59
Fascia
Noncontractile (passive) tissues within the muscle
60
Flaccid muscle:
Results from loss of innervation to a muscle
61
Hypertonia:
Muscle with increased tone
62
Muscle spindles:
 Elongated and encapsulated structures  Within muscle fibers  Signal changes in muscle length  Protect muscles
63
Phasic stretch reflex:
Activates agonist muscle
64
Agonist muscle: Antagonist muscle:
- Prime mover - Muscle producing desired motion - Contrasting muscle
65
Golgi tendon organs:
 At junction of muscle and tendon  Located in tendons  More sensitive than spindles
66
Slow-twitch fibers:
 Type 1 fibers  Low force over a long period of time  More resistant to fatigue
67
Fast-twitch fibers:
 Type II Fibers  Powerful contractions
68
Motor memory:
Learned patterns of motion
69
Fixators: Synergists:
- Provide stability at origin - Muscles that assist prime mover
70
Force couple:
 Muscles that work together  Act in different directions to produce same motion or stabilize a joint
71
Single and multiple joint muscles:
 Some muscles cross 1 joint (brachialis)  Some cross multiple joints (FDP)  Example: FDP crosses wrist and MCP, PIP, and DIP and contributes to flexion for all joints
72
Rectus femoris:
 Two-joint muscle  Origin and insertion in same sagittal plane
73
Contraction in isolation:
 Hip flexion  Knee extension
74
Sartorius:
 Two-joint muscle  Crosses multiple planes  Contraction in isolation:  Hip flexion and external rotation  Knee flexion and internal rotation
75
Isometric contraction:
Contraction with NO change in length
76
Isotonic contraction:
 Contraction with change in muscle length and joint motion  Eccentric: lengthening  Concentric: shortening  Example: drinking mug of coffee  Isometric: holding mug in hand with elbow flexed to 90 degrees  Concentric: bringing mug to mouth  Eccentric: lowering mug back to table
77
Load rate:
How quickly force is applied to tissue
78
Passive insufficiency:
 Inability of a muscle to elongate enough to allow a joint to move through full ROM  Example: standing and trying to touch your toes and keeping knees extended
79
Joint (articulation):
 The connection between two bones  Synovial, fibrous, or cartilaginous
80
Synovial joints:
 Mobile joints  Allow purposeful movement
81
Fibrous joints:
 Sutures of skull  Little/no mobility  Stability
82
Cartilaginous joints:
 Pubic symphysis  Little/no mobility  Stability
83
Close-pack position:
 Maximal contact between articular surfaces  Maximal tension on surrounding ligaments  Example: knee in full extension
84
Open-pack position:
 Least surface contact  Laxity of surrounding ligaments  Increased mobility of joint
85
Ball-and-Socket Joint
 Spherical surface fits into concave depression  Most mobile  Rotates around three axes  Example: glenohumeral joint
86
Ellipsoid Joint
 Oval-shaped convex end articulates with elliptical concave basin of another  Motion around two axes  Example: radiocarpal joint
87
Hinge Joint
 Motion around single axis  Only flexion and extension  Collateral ligaments limiting medial and lateral movement  Example: humeroulnar (elbow) joint
88
Saddle Joint
 Modified ellipsoid joint  Convex and concave articulating surfaces  Motion around two axes  Example: carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of thumb
89
Gliding Joint
 Two flat surfaces of adjacent bones  Least movement  Translation (gliding) movements between surfaces  Example: carpal bones of the wrist
90
Pivot Joint
 Motion around one axis  Bones rotating around another  Example: atlantoaxial joint
91
Osteokinematics:
 Gross movement of bones in relation to one another
92
Arthrokinematics:
 Internal joint patterns  Involve accessory motions that cannot be achieved by voluntary muscle force
93
Translation:
 Movement of joint surfaces in same direction  Compress: joint surfaces come together  Distract: surfaces pull away  Glide: move parallel to one another  Spin: axial rotation
94
Arthrokinematics Convex-Concave Rule
Convex-on-concave surface:  Distal bone glides in opposite direction of rotational movement  Example: wrist Wrist flexion:  Dorsal translation of carpals Wrist extension:  Volar translation of carpals 1.54 As the wrist flexes and extends, the carpal bones glide in the opposite direction of joint rotation.  Distal bone glides in same direction as rotational motion  Example: MCPs

Kinesiology (9 decks)

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