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Kinesiology > CH 1 FAOT > Flashcards

CH 1 FAOT Flashcards

1
Q

Insertion

A

 More movable attachment
 Usually distal

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2
Q

Origin

A

 Attachment that moves the least
 Usually proximal

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3
Q

Sagittal plane:

A

 Divides body into right and left sides
 Midsagittal plane in center of body (midline)
 Flexion and extension movements

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4
Q

Frontal plane:

A

 Coronal plane
 Divides body into anterior and posterior portions
 Abduction and adduction movements

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5
Q

Transverse plane:

A

 Divides body into inferior and superior portions
 Rotatory (rotary) movements

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6
Q

Axes of Motion

A

Joints rotate around axes of motion.
Axis is joint’s center of rotation.

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7
Q

Frontal axis:

A

Medial to lateral

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8
Q

Sagittal axis:

A

Anterior to posterior

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9
Q

Vertical axis:

A

Inferior to superior

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10
Q

Kinetic Chains

A

Cooperative, interdependent movement of segments and joints of the body

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11
Q

Closed-chain:

A

 Functional movement
 Proximal joints moving in relation to fixed/distal segment
 Promote stabilization
 Examples:
 Pushing a grocery cart
 Squatting to pick up a box

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12
Q

Open-chain:

A

 Free movement of distal segment in space
 Allows joints to move together OR independently of others
 Promotes mobility
 Example: conducting an orchestra

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13
Q

Force

A

Any push or pull of matter

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14
Q

Tensile force:

A

Pulling

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15
Q

Compressive force:

A

Pushing

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16
Q

Moment:

A

 Turning effect of force
 Ability to rotate an object around an axis
 Synonymous with torque

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17
Q

Action:

A

 Specific motion a muscle can generate at a joint
 Synonymous with moment

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18
Q

Moment arm:

A

 Lever arm
 Distance from a joint to the muscle

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19
Q

Mechanical advantage:

A

Leverage

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20
Q

Levers:

A

 Pulley systems
 Provide mechanical advantage
 Generate functional motion

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21
Q

First-class lever:

A

 Exerted force and resistive force on opposite sides of axis
 Examples: seesaw, human neck

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22
Q

Second-class lever:

A

 Resistive force closer to
axis than exerted force
and on same side
 Examples: using a
wheelbarrow, the ankle

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23
Q

Third-class lever:

A

 Most common in human body
 Allows for higher-velocity
movements

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24
Q

Joint reaction force:

A

 Force generated within the joint in response to external forces acting upon it

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25
Q

Stress:

A

 Amount of applied force per area
 Example: pounds per square inch

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26
Q

Strain:

A

 Amount of material displacement under
specific amount of stress

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27
Q

Elasticity

A

 The ability to stretch and return to the
original shape

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28
Q

Young’s modulus:

A

 Stiffness of a material
 Stress-strain diagram

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29
Q

Elastic deformation:

A

Ability to return to normal shape after strain

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30
Q

Yield point:

A

Maximum stress that can be sustained before tissue failure

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31
Q

Plastic deformation:

A

 Sprain
 Permanent deformation of tissue but retains continuity

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32
Q

Biomechanics:

A

Examines the structure, function, and motion of the biological systems that make up a living organism

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33
Q

Biomechanics of Bone

A

Made of collagen and calcium
Cortical bone:
 Greater mineral content than collagen
 Shaft of long bones
 Rigid support
Cancellous (spongy) bone:
 Higher collagen content
 Found in marrow cavity and at end of long bones

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34
Q

Articular (hyaline) cartilage:

A

 Covers ends of long bones
 Dense connective tissue to
absorb force between bones
 Multiple layers

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35
Q

Ligaments:

A

 Connect bone to bone
 Joint stability

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36
Q

Tendons

A

 Connect muscle to bone
 Transfer force

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37
Q

Joint capsule:

A

 Dense fibrous sleeve around
synovial joint
 Passive stability
 Contains synovial fluid

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38
Q

Aponeurosis:

A

 Fibrous insertion that connects adjacent muscles
 Example: aponeurosis of abdominal muscles that forms rectus sheath

39
Q

Three types of muscle:

A

 Skeletal (striated)
 Cardiac (heart)
 Smooth (visceral)

40
Q

Biceps Brachii

A

Biceps brachii contraction flexes the elbow

41
Q

Upper Trapezius

A

 Acts in multiple directions
 Elevates the scapula
 Flexes the cervical spine laterally

42
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

 Involuntary muscle
 Internal organs (intestines and
vessels)
 Nonstriated
 Contracts slowly and automatically

43
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

 Forms muscular components of heart (myocardium)
 Striated and in segments

44
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

 Moves bones of skeleton
 Supplies force for purposeful
movement
 Striated and alternating bands of fibers

45
Q

Endomysium:

A

Surrounds each individual muscle fiber

46
Q

Perimysium

A

Surrounds fascicles (groups of
muscle fibers)

47
Q

Epimysium

A

Surrounds groups of fascicles

48
Q

Myofibrils

A

Long cylindrical strands of
contractile proteins

49
Q

Sarcomeres

A

Contractile units of a muscle

50
Q

Actin

A

Protein composing thin filaments

51
Q

Myosin

A

 Protein composing thick filaments
 Forms central shaft of each sarcomere

52
Q

Titin filaments:

A

 Stabilizing border around myosin
 Limits excursion

53
Q

Z discs:

A

 Connect actin filaments
 Divide sarcomeres

54
Q

Motor unit:

A

 A single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
 Commands are all-or-none

55
Q

Physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA):

A

 Area of a cross section of muscle at its widest point
 PCSA and length are proportional to muscle strength

56
Q

Pennate muscles:

A

 Fibers oriented obliquely (slanted)
 Multipennate, bipennate, and
unipennate

57
Q

Fusiform muscles:

A

Fibers oriented parallel to line of force

58
Q

Neuromuscular Control

A

 A single muscle is made up of many motor units that send separate all-or- none signals to sarcomeres

59
Q

Fascia

A

Noncontractile (passive) tissues
within the muscle

60
Q

Flaccid muscle:

A

Results from loss of innervation to a muscle

61
Q

Hypertonia:

A

Muscle with increased tone

62
Q

Muscle spindles:

A

 Elongated and encapsulated
structures
 Within muscle fibers
 Signal changes in muscle length
 Protect muscles

63
Q

Phasic stretch reflex:

A

Activates agonist muscle

64
Q

Agonist muscle:
Antagonist muscle:

A
  • Prime mover - Muscle producing desired motion
  • Contrasting muscle
65
Q

Golgi tendon organs:

A

 At junction of muscle and tendon
 Located in tendons
 More sensitive than spindles

66
Q

Slow-twitch fibers:

A

 Type 1 fibers
 Low force over a long period of time
 More resistant to fatigue

67
Q

Fast-twitch fibers:

A

 Type II Fibers
 Powerful contractions

68
Q

Motor memory:

A

Learned patterns of motion

69
Q

Fixators:
Synergists:

A
  • Provide stability at origin
  • Muscles that assist prime mover
70
Q

Force couple:

A

 Muscles that work together
 Act in different directions to produce same motion or
stabilize a joint

71
Q

Single and multiple joint muscles:

A

 Some muscles cross 1 joint (brachialis)
 Some cross multiple joints (FDP)
 Example: FDP crosses wrist and MCP, PIP, and DIP and contributes to flexion
for all joints

72
Q

Rectus femoris:

A

 Two-joint muscle
 Origin and insertion in same
sagittal plane

73
Q

Contraction in isolation:

A

 Hip flexion
 Knee extension

74
Q

Sartorius:

A

 Two-joint muscle
 Crosses multiple planes
 Contraction in isolation:
 Hip flexion and external rotation
 Knee flexion and internal rotation

75
Q

Isometric contraction:

A

Contraction with NO change in length

76
Q

Isotonic contraction:

A

 Contraction with change in muscle length and joint motion
 Eccentric: lengthening
 Concentric: shortening
 Example: drinking mug of coffee
 Isometric: holding mug in hand with elbow flexed to 90 degrees
 Concentric: bringing mug to mouth
 Eccentric: lowering mug back to table

77
Q

Load rate:

A

How quickly force is applied to tissue

78
Q

Passive insufficiency:

A

 Inability of a muscle to elongate enough to allow a joint to move through full ROM
 Example: standing and trying to touch your toes and keeping knees extended

79
Q

Joint (articulation):

A

 The connection between
two bones
 Synovial, fibrous, or
cartilaginous

80
Q

Synovial joints:

A

 Mobile joints
 Allow purposeful movement

81
Q

Fibrous joints:

A

 Sutures of skull
 Little/no mobility
 Stability

82
Q

Cartilaginous joints:

A

 Pubic symphysis
 Little/no mobility
 Stability

83
Q

Close-pack position:

A

 Maximal contact between articular surfaces
 Maximal tension on surrounding ligaments
 Example: knee in full extension

84
Q

Open-pack position:

A

 Least surface contact
 Laxity of surrounding ligaments
 Increased mobility of joint

85
Q

Ball-and-Socket Joint

A

 Spherical surface fits into concave depression
 Most mobile
 Rotates around three axes
 Example: glenohumeral joint

86
Q

Ellipsoid Joint

A

 Oval-shaped convex end articulates with elliptical concave basin of another
 Motion around two axes
 Example: radiocarpal joint

87
Q

Hinge Joint

A

 Motion around single axis
 Only flexion and extension
 Collateral ligaments limiting medial
and lateral movement
 Example: humeroulnar (elbow) joint

88
Q

Saddle Joint

A

 Modified ellipsoid joint
 Convex and concave articulating surfaces
 Motion around two axes
 Example: carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of thumb

89
Q

Gliding Joint

A

 Two flat surfaces of adjacent bones
 Least movement
 Translation (gliding) movements
between surfaces
 Example: carpal bones of the wrist

90
Q

Pivot Joint

A

 Motion around one axis
 Bones rotating around another
 Example: atlantoaxial joint

91
Q

Osteokinematics:

A

 Gross movement of bones
in relation to one another

92
Q

Arthrokinematics:

A

 Internal joint patterns
 Involve accessory motions
that cannot be achieved by
voluntary muscle force

93
Q

Translation:

A

 Movement of joint surfaces in
same direction
 Compress: joint surfaces come together
 Distract: surfaces pull away
 Glide: move parallel to one
another
 Spin: axial rotation

94
Q

Arthrokinematics
Convex-Concave Rule

A

Convex-on-concave surface:
 Distal bone glides in opposite
direction of rotational movement
 Example: wrist
Wrist flexion:
 Dorsal translation of carpals
Wrist extension:
 Volar translation of carpals
1.54 As the wrist flexes and extends, the carpal bones
glide in the opposite direction of joint rotation.
 Distal bone glides in same direction as rotational motion
 Example: MCPs

Kinesiology (8 decks)

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