ch 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral column is triaxial, allowing movement in three planes

A

 Sagittal plane
 Flexion, extension, hyperextension
 Frontal plane
 Lateral flexion
 Horizontal or transverse plane
 Rotation
 No rotation at C1

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2
Q

Motions of the
Pelvic Girdle

A

 Anterior pelvic tilting
 Posterior pelvic tilting
 Lateral pelvic tilting
 Forward pelvic rotation
 Backward pelvic rotation

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3
Q

Pelvic girdle is integral to trunk motions

A

 Lumbosacral joint is the most important
 Connects pelvis to vertebral column
 Every pelvic motion involves the vertebral column

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4
Q

Vertebral curves

A

 Allow for structural support and strength
 Referred to by location
 Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or coccygeal
 Observed from posterior and lateral

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5
Q

Posterior curves

A

 Cervical and lumbar—concave (normal lordosis)
 Thoracic—convex (normal kyphosis)
 Coccyx—convex but immovable

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6
Q

 Pelvic tilt
 Neutral

A

 Ideal spinal alignment in standing
 Normal vertebral curves preserved
 Equal weight distribution across femurs in sitting
 Erect spine
 Allows for weight shift anterior, posterior, and lateral
 Landmarks for observation are posterior superior iliac
spines, anterior superior iliac spines

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7
Q

 Pelvic tilt
 Anterior

A

 Pelvis dips forward
 Creates greater lordosis (convexity) in lumbar spine
 Causes center of gravity to shift forward
 May be caused by pregnancy, excessive abdominal weight,
or muscular imbalance

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8
Q

 Pelvic tilt
 Posterior

A

 Tailbone tucks beneath body
 Causes flattening of lumbar spine (or kyphosis)

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9
Q

Observation of Balance and
Postural Control

A

 Center of gravity/line of gravity—line that falls just anterior to S2
vertebra
 Base of support—area of body contact with surface
 Static balance—maintenance of stationary position
 Dynamic balance—maintenance of balance during movement

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10
Q

Orthopedic abnormalities

A

Scoliosis
 Increased lumbar lordosis—generally reversible
 Increased thoracic kyphosis—can be reversible or fixed
 Increased cervical lordosis (forward head posture)

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11
Q

Orthopedic abnormalities

A

 Pelvic rotation
 One side of hip anterior to other
 Pelvic obliquity
 One side of hip higher than other
 May occur with scoliosis

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12
Q

Kyphosis
Lumbar lordosis

A

 Excessive curve, usually in thoracic spine
 Posterior “hump”

 Exacerbated curvature of lumbar spine
 Often due to excessive anterior pelvic tilt

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13
Q

C1, or atlas, supports the cranium

A

 Does not have a body
 Flexion and extension occur here

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14
Q

C2, or axis, is pivot point of cervical spine and head

A

 Dens, or odontoid process, short protrusion up into C1
 Rotation occurs here

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15
Q

Characteristics of C3-C7

A

 Body—Weight-bearing aspect, anterior
 Foramen—Opening
 Intervertebral foramen—Between vertebrae
 Vertebral foramen—Central, where spinal cord passes
 Neural arch—Posterior
 Pedicle—Part of the arch

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16
Q

Transverse process

A

Union of lamina and pedicle
 Attachment for ligaments and muscles to spine

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17
Q

Spinous process

A

Posterior projection
 Attachment for ligaments and muscles to spine
C7—Unusually long spinous process, can palpate

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18
Q

Lamina

A

Part of arch, forms wall of spinal canal

19
Q

Intervertebral disks

A

 23
 Absorb and transmit shock, allow flexibility
 Annulus—External portion of disk
 Nucleus pulposus—Inner portion of disk

20
Q

12 vertebrae, T1-T12

A

 Most stable aspect of spine
 Most characteristics the same as in C3-C7
 Facets here also articulate with the ribs

21
Q

Five vertebrae, L1-L5

A

 Support the weight of the body
 Largest of the vertebrae
 Articular processes are larger, limiting ROM
 Flexion and extension possible
 Rotation extremely limited

22
Q

Five fused vertebrae, S1-S5

A

 Triangular shape
 Fit posteriorly between the two hip bones

23
Q

Spine and Rib Cage—
Coccygeal Spine

A

 Also called tailbone
 Four rudimentary vertebrae
 No movement occurs here

24
Q

Rib Cage

A

 Sternum
 12 thoracic vertebrae
 12 pairs
 Three pairs of ribs, false ribs, attach to sternum via cartilage
 Remaining two pairs of ribs are called floating

25
Body Structures of the Pelvic Girdle
 Three bones: sacrum and two iliac bones  Three joints: symphysis pubis and two sacroiliac joints  Hip bones formed by union of pubis, ilium, and ischium  Anterior union is symphysis pubis  Posterior union is sacroiliac joints  These unions are relatively immobile
26
Anterior union is symphysis pubis
 Between the two pubic bones  Cartilaginous joint  Two ligaments providing additional support
27
Posterior union is sacroiliac joints
 Synovial and syndesmosis  Fibrous joint where ligaments provide stability  Nonaxial
28
Ischial tuberosities
 Support weight of body in seated position  Vulnerable to pressure ulcers  Clients who use wheelchairs need adequate support and cushioning here
29
Pelvis is base of support for rest of body
 Position of pelvis dictates seated posture  Proper seating options and positions crucial for optimal function
30
Intrasegmental ligaments
Hold vertebrae together  Includes ligamentum flavum, interspinous, and intertransverse ligaments
31
Intersegmental
Prevent excessive motion  Anterior longitudinal ligament—anterior surface of vertebral bodies, limits hyperextension  Posterior longitudinal ligament—posterior surface of vertebral body inside vertebral foramen, limits flexion  Supraspinatus ligament—posterior surface of spinous processes from C7 to sacrum, limits flexion  Nuchal ligament—posterior cervical region, limits flexion
32
Rectus abdominus
 Two sides connect in center via linea alba  Flexes trunk, aids in respiration, enables compression of internal organs
33
External oblique
 Paired causes flexion, aids in exhalation and compression of internal organs  Not paired causes lateral bending to the same side and trunk rotation to the opposite side
34
Internal oblique
 Paired causes compression and aids in exhalation  Not paired causes lateral bending and rotation, both to the same side
35
Transverse abdominus
 Deepest of the abdominal muscles  Fibers run horizontally  Therefore, does not cause trunk movement  Compresses abdomen
36
Deep
 Transversospinalis—connect transverse process to spinous process of adjacent vertebra  Intertransversarii—connect individual transverse processes
37
Superficial
 Erector spinae—three distinct groups  Latissimus dorsi muscle  Trapezius
38
Erector spinae muscles include
 Lateral iliocostalis muscles  Middle longissimus muscles  Most medial spinalis muscles  Generally perform extension but action dependent on task
39
Quadratus lumborum
 Main action is pelvic elevation  Works in a force couple with gluteus medius in unilateral stance  Balances postural distortions by realigning pelvis
40
Psoas and iliacus muscles
 Although an aspect of the lower extremity, these muscles stabilize the spine, especially in sitting
41
Latissimus dorsi muscle
 Although a mover of the upper extremity, it also affects sitting posture  Posture can affect actions of this muscle  Posterior pelvic tilt may affect upper extremity function
42
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
 Largest neck flexor when it contracts bilaterally  Unilateral contraction causes rotation to the opposite side and lateral flexion or bending
43
Scalene muscles
 Three muscles deep to the sternocleidomastoid  Basically perform the same actions as the sternocleidomastoid
44
Prevertebral muscles
 Anterior aspect of cervical vertebrae  Flexion, specifically tucking the chin