ch 5

Question 1

Vertebral column is triaxial, allowing movement in three planes

Answer 1

 Sagittal plane
 Flexion, extension, hyperextension
 Frontal plane
 Lateral flexion
 Horizontal or transverse plane
 Rotation
 No rotation at C1

Question 2

Motions of the
Pelvic Girdle

Answer 2

 Anterior pelvic tilting
 Posterior pelvic tilting
 Lateral pelvic tilting
 Forward pelvic rotation
 Backward pelvic rotation

Question 3

Pelvic girdle is integral to trunk motions

Answer 3

 Lumbosacral joint is the most important
 Connects pelvis to vertebral column
 Every pelvic motion involves the vertebral column

Question 4

Vertebral curves

Answer 4

 Allow for structural support and strength
 Referred to by location
 Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or coccygeal
 Observed from posterior and lateral

Question 5

Posterior curves

Answer 5

 Cervical and lumbar—concave (normal lordosis)
 Thoracic—convex (normal kyphosis)
 Coccyx—convex but immovable

Question 6

 Pelvic tilt
 Neutral

Answer 6

 Ideal spinal alignment in standing
 Normal vertebral curves preserved
 Equal weight distribution across femurs in sitting
 Erect spine
 Allows for weight shift anterior, posterior, and lateral
 Landmarks for observation are posterior superior iliac
spines, anterior superior iliac spines

Question 7

 Pelvic tilt
 Anterior

Answer 7

 Pelvis dips forward
 Creates greater lordosis (convexity) in lumbar spine
 Causes center of gravity to shift forward
 May be caused by pregnancy, excessive abdominal weight,
or muscular imbalance

Question 8

 Pelvic tilt
 Posterior

Answer 8

 Tailbone tucks beneath body
 Causes flattening of lumbar spine (or kyphosis)

Question 9

Observation of Balance and
Postural Control

Answer 9

 Center of gravity/line of gravity—line that falls just anterior to S2
vertebra
 Base of support—area of body contact with surface
 Static balance—maintenance of stationary position
 Dynamic balance—maintenance of balance during movement

Question 10

Orthopedic abnormalities

Answer 10

Scoliosis
 Increased lumbar lordosis—generally reversible
 Increased thoracic kyphosis—can be reversible or fixed
 Increased cervical lordosis (forward head posture)

Question 11

Orthopedic abnormalities

Answer 11

 Pelvic rotation
 One side of hip anterior to other
 Pelvic obliquity
 One side of hip higher than other
 May occur with scoliosis

Question 12

Kyphosis
Lumbar lordosis

Answer 12

 Excessive curve, usually in thoracic spine
 Posterior “hump”

 Exacerbated curvature of lumbar spine
 Often due to excessive anterior pelvic tilt

Question 13

C1, or atlas, supports the cranium

Answer 13

 Does not have a body
 Flexion and extension occur here

Question 14

C2, or axis, is pivot point of cervical spine and head

Answer 14

 Dens, or odontoid process, short protrusion up into C1
 Rotation occurs here

Question 15

Characteristics of C3-C7

Answer 15

 Body—Weight-bearing aspect, anterior
 Foramen—Opening
 Intervertebral foramen—Between vertebrae
 Vertebral foramen—Central, where spinal cord passes
 Neural arch—Posterior
 Pedicle—Part of the arch

Question 16

Transverse process

Answer 16

Union of lamina and pedicle
 Attachment for ligaments and muscles to spine

Question 17

Spinous process

Answer 17

Posterior projection
 Attachment for ligaments and muscles to spine
C7—Unusually long spinous process, can palpate

Question 18

Lamina

Answer 18

Part of arch, forms wall of spinal canal

Question 19

Intervertebral disks

Answer 19

 23
 Absorb and transmit shock, allow flexibility
 Annulus—External portion of disk
 Nucleus pulposus—Inner portion of disk

Question 20

12 vertebrae, T1-T12

Answer 20

 Most stable aspect of spine
 Most characteristics the same as in C3-C7
 Facets here also articulate with the ribs

Question 21

Five vertebrae, L1-L5

Answer 21

 Support the weight of the body
 Largest of the vertebrae
 Articular processes are larger, limiting ROM
 Flexion and extension possible
 Rotation extremely limited

Question 22

Five fused vertebrae, S1-S5

Answer 22

 Triangular shape
 Fit posteriorly between the two hip bones

Question 23

Spine and Rib Cage—
Coccygeal Spine

Answer 23

 Also called tailbone
 Four rudimentary vertebrae
 No movement occurs here

Question 24

Rib Cage

Answer 24

 Sternum
 12 thoracic vertebrae
 12 pairs
 Three pairs of ribs, false ribs, attach to sternum via cartilage
 Remaining two pairs of ribs are called floating

Question 25

Body Structures of
the Pelvic Girdle

Answer 25

 Three bones: sacrum and two iliac bones
 Three joints: symphysis pubis and two sacroiliac joints
 Hip bones formed by union of pubis, ilium, and ischium
 Anterior union is symphysis pubis
 Posterior union is sacroiliac joints
 These unions are relatively immobile

Question 26

Anterior union is symphysis pubis

Answer 26

 Between the two pubic bones
 Cartilaginous joint
 Two ligaments providing additional support

Question 27

Posterior union is sacroiliac joints

Answer 27

 Synovial and syndesmosis
 Fibrous joint where ligaments provide stability
 Nonaxial

Question 28

Ischial tuberosities

Answer 28

 Support weight of body in seated position
 Vulnerable to pressure ulcers
 Clients who use wheelchairs need adequate support and
cushioning here

Question 29

Pelvis is base of support for rest of body

Answer 29

 Position of pelvis dictates seated posture
 Proper seating options and positions crucial for optimal function

Question 30

Intrasegmental ligaments

Answer 30

Hold vertebrae together
 Includes ligamentum flavum, interspinous, and
intertransverse ligaments

Question 31

Intersegmental

Answer 31

Prevent excessive motion
 Anterior longitudinal ligament—anterior surface of vertebral
bodies, limits hyperextension
 Posterior longitudinal ligament—posterior surface of
vertebral body inside vertebral foramen, limits flexion
 Supraspinatus ligament—posterior surface of spinous
processes from C7 to sacrum, limits flexion
 Nuchal ligament—posterior cervical region, limits flexion

Question 32

Rectus abdominus

Answer 32

 Two sides connect in center via linea alba
 Flexes trunk, aids in respiration, enables compression of
internal organs

Question 33

External oblique

Answer 33

 Paired causes flexion, aids in exhalation and compression of
internal organs
 Not paired causes lateral bending to the same side and trunk rotation to the opposite side

Question 34

Internal oblique

Answer 34

 Paired causes compression and aids in exhalation
 Not paired causes lateral bending and rotation, both to the same side

Question 35

Transverse abdominus

Answer 35

 Deepest of the abdominal muscles
 Fibers run horizontally
 Therefore, does not cause trunk movement
 Compresses abdomen

Question 36

Deep

Answer 36

 Transversospinalis—connect transverse process to spinous
process of adjacent vertebra
 Intertransversarii—connect individual transverse processes

Question 37

Superficial

Answer 37

 Erector spinae—three distinct groups
 Latissimus dorsi muscle
 Trapezius

Question 38

Erector spinae muscles include

Answer 38

 Lateral iliocostalis muscles
 Middle longissimus muscles
 Most medial spinalis muscles
 Generally perform extension but action dependent on task

Question 39

Quadratus lumborum

Answer 39

 Main action is pelvic elevation
 Works in a force couple with gluteus medius in unilateral
stance
 Balances postural distortions by realigning pelvis

Question 40

Psoas and iliacus muscles

Answer 40

 Although an aspect of the lower extremity, these muscles
stabilize the spine, especially in sitting

Question 41

Latissimus dorsi muscle

Answer 41

 Although a mover of the upper extremity, it also affects sitting
posture
 Posture can affect actions of this muscle
 Posterior pelvic tilt may affect upper extremity function

Question 42

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Answer 42

 Largest neck flexor when it contracts bilaterally
 Unilateral contraction causes rotation to the opposite side
and lateral flexion or bending

Question 43

Scalene muscles

Answer 43

 Three muscles deep to the sternocleidomastoid
 Basically perform the same actions as the
sternocleidomastoid

Question 44

Prevertebral muscles

Answer 44

 Anterior aspect of cervical vertebrae
 Flexion, specifically tucking the chin