Chapter 2 - Individual Differences: Personality and Values

Question 1

What is the Big Five model

Answer 1

A system with five broad dimensions representing most personality traits

Question 2

What are the 5 factors fo the Big 5 Model?

Answer 2

• Conscientiousness
• Agreeableness
• Neuroticism
• Openness to experience
• Extraversion

Question 3

Which big 5 personality traits are beneficial in “Proficient task performance”

Answer 3

• Conscientiousness
• Extraversion

Question 4

Which big 5 personality traits are beneficial in “Adaptive task performance”

Answer 4

• Emotional stability (lack of neuroticism)
• Extraversion
• Openness to experience

Question 5

Which big 5 personality traits are beneficial in “Proactive task performance”

Answer 5

• Extraversion
• Openness to experience

Question 6

What are some caveats when applying the Five Factor Model?

Answer 6

• Higher isn’t always better
• Specific traits sometimes predict better than the Big Five factors
• Personality isn’t static even if a large portion of it is hereditary
• Five factor model doesn’t cover all personality

Question 7

What is the dark triad?

Answer 7

Three socially undesirable personality traits
- Machiavellianism
- Narcissism
- Psychopathy

Question 8

What is Machiavellianism?

Answer 8

Personality traits of people who demonstrate a strong motivation to achieve their own goals at the expense of others.

Deceit, outwitting and misleading others using influence tacits

Question 9

What is organizational politics?

Answer 9

The use of influence tactics for personal gain at the perceived expense of others and the organization

Question 10

What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?

Answer 10

An instrument designed to measure the elements of Jungian personality theory, particularly preferences regarding perceiving and juding information

Question 11

What are the indicator types in MBTI?

Answer 11

• Getting Energy
  Extraversion (E) vs Introversion (I)
• Perceiving Information
  Sensing (S) vs Intuitive (N)
• Making decisions
  Thinking (T) vs Feeling (F)
• Orienting to the external world
  Juding (J) vs Perceiving (P)

Question 12

What are the 10 value categories and 4 groupings of said categories

Answer 12

• Self-transcendence
  Universalism, Benevolence
• Conservation
  Conformity, Tradition, Security
• Self-enhancement
  Power, Achievement, Hedonism 1/2
• Opennes to change
  Self-direction, Stimulation, Hedonism 1/2

Question 13

How do values affect our behaviour?

Answer 13

Values frame our perceptions of reality and regulate the consistency of our behaviour

Question 14

What are the four ethical principles?

Answer 14

• Utilitarianism
• Individual Rights
• Distributive Justice
• Ethic of care

Question 15

What are moral intensity and sensitivity

Answer 15

Moral intensity is the measure to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles

Moral sensitivity is a person’s ability to recognize the presence of an ethical issue and determine its relative importance

Question 16

What are some factors associated with a person’s moral sensitivity?

Answer 16

• Expertise or knowledge of prescriptive norms and rules
• Previous experience with specific moral dilemmas
• Ability to empathize with those affected by the decision
• A strong self-view of being a morally sensitive person
• A high degree of situational mindfulness

Question 17

What are the 5 values that have cross-cultural significance?

Answer 17

• Individualism
• Collectivism
• Power Distance
• Uncertainty Avoidance
• Achievement-Nurturing Orientation

Question 18

What is Collectivism?

Answer 18

A cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize duty to groups to which they belong and to group harmony

Question 19

What is Power Distance?

Answer 19

A cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture accept unequal distribution of power in a society

Question 20

What is Uncertainty Avoidance?

Answer 20

A cross-cultural value describing the degree to which peeople in
a culture tolerate ambiguity (low uncertainty avoidance)

or feel threatened by ambiguity and uncertainty (high uncertainty avoidance)