Chapter 2 Human Movement

Question 1

Define the steps of the Human Movement System (HMS)

Answer 1

Skeletal System, Muscular System, Nervous System

Question 2

Central Nervous System (CNS) Function

Answer 2

The CNS coordinates deceleration, stabilization, and acceleration for all muscles of the body in all three planes of motion.

Question 3

Define:
Agonist
Antagonist
Synergist
Stabilizer

Answer 3

Agonist: A muscle acts as the prime mover for a given movement pattern. This muscle provides a majority of force generation. For example, the gluteus maximus is the agonist for hip extension, the pectoralis major is the agonist for pressing movements, and the biceps brachii is the agonist for elbow flexion.
Antagonist: A muscle that acts in direct opposition to the prime mover.
Synergist: Muscles assist the agonist but are not supposed to be the primary source of force production. triceps brachii are synergistic to the pectoralis major for pressing movements, whereas the hamstrings assist the gluteus maximus during hip extension.
Stabilizer: Muscles help support associated joints while the prime movers and the synergists contract to create movement. rotator cuff support the glenohumeral joint, whereas muscles such as the deltoids and latissimus dorsi create movement at the shoulder.

Question 4

Define the Muscle action spectrum:

Answer 4

Eccentric: muscle generates force while lengthening to decelerate an external load.

Concentric: muscle generates force while shortening to accelerate an external load.

Isometric: muscle generates force equal to an external load to hold it in place.

Question 5

Define:

Reciprocal Inhibition

Answer 5

When an agonist contracts, its functional antagonist relaxes to allow movement to occur at a joint.
psoas and the rectus femoris (hip flexors) are antagonistic to the gluteus maximus.

Question 6

Define:
Isolated muscle function
Integrated muscle function
Muscle Intervention

Answer 6

Isolated muscle function: The joint motion created when a muscle contracts concentrically.
Integrated muscle function: The joint motion(s) created when a muscle contracts eccentrically or isometrically.
Muscle Intervention: A muscle’s point of connection to the nervous system.

Question 7

What does the term innervation refer to?

Answer 7

A muscle’s point of connection to the nervous system

Question 8

Integrated Function:

Answer 8

The joint motion(s) created when a muscle contracts eccentrically or isometrically

Question 9

Isolated Function:

Answer 9

The joint motion created when a muscle contracts concentrically

Question 10

Motor Development

Answer 10

A lifetime of learning physical skills

Question 11

Motor Learning:

Answer 11

Developing a skill through practice

Question 12

Motor Control:

Answer 12

Integrating sensory information with past experience

Question 13

Motor Behavior:

Answer 13

The HMS’s response to stimuli

Question 14

Proprioception

Answer 14

What is the cumulative neural input from sensory organs that allows the body to sense its relative position in space?

Question 15

How does a muscle’s length-tension relationship effect its ability to produce force?

Answer 15

1. Too much actin/myosin overlap reduces available force output
2. If a resting length is longer than it should be, force production is reduced

Question 16

When elevated neural drive causes a muscle to be held in a chronic state of contraction they are:

Answer 16

Overactive/Shortened

Question 17

When inhibited neural drive allows a muscle’s functional antagonist to pull it into a chronically elongated state is:

Answer 17

Underactive/Lengthened

Question 18

Muscle Imbalance:

Answer 18

An alteration of muscle lengths around a joint that allows it to be held in a suboptimal position.

Question 19

Neural Drive:

Answer 19

The rate and volume of activation signals a muscle receives from the CNS.

Question 20

Force Couple Relationship:

Answer 20

The synergistic function of muscles to produce movement around a joint.

Question 21

For the most efficient human movement to occur, which of the following need to be functioning optimally?

Answer 21

1. Length-tension relationships
2. Force-coupled relationships
3. Joint arthrokinematics

Question 22

Length-tension Relationship:

Answer 22

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

Question 23

Force-coupled Relationship:

Answer 23

The synergistic action of muscles to produce movement around a joint.

Question 24

Joint Arthrokinematics:

Answer 24

The movement of joint surfaces

Question 25

Which system of muscles is primarily made up of slow twitch fibers and is responsible for stabilizing the spinal column?

Answer 25

Local Muscles

Question 26

Deep Longitudinal Muscles:

Answer 26

Transmits forces between the trunk and the ground

Question 27

Posterior Oblique:

Answer 27

Back-side stabilizing force across the SIJ

Question 28

Anterior Oblique:

Answer 28

Front-side transverse plane force production

Question 29

Lateral:

Answer 29

Frontal plane functional movements

Question 30

Global Muscular System:

Answer 30

Muscles responsible predominantly for movement and consisting of more superficial musculature that originates from the pelvis to the rib cage, the lower extremities, or both.

Question 31

Local Musculature System:

Answer 31

Muscles that connect directly to the spine and are predominantly involved in LPHC stabilization.

Question 32

Cumulative Injury Cycle in the order they occur (5)

Answer 32

1. inflammation
2. muscle spasm
3. adhesion
4. altered neuromuscular control
5. muscle imbalances.

Question 33

5 Kinetic Chain Checkpoints:

Answer 33

Key points on the body to observe and assess an individual’s static and dynamic posture; feet/ankles, knees, LPHC, shoulders, and head/neck.

Question 34

Movement Impaired:

Answer 34

Represents the state in which the structural integrity of the HMS is compromised because one or more segments of the kinetic chain are out of alignment

Question 35

Which of the following represents one of the ways muscles can become underactive/lengthened, leading to a muscle imbalance and, potentially, synergistic dominance?

Answer 35

Altered reciprocal inhibition