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Truck company > Chapter 2 Fire Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Fire Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

in _______ Combustion, oxidation involves fuel in the gas phase

A

Flaming

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2
Q

Some solid fuels, particularly those that are porous in can char, undergo oxidation at the surface of the fuel. This is known as ____ or _____combustion

A

Non flaming, Smoldering

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3
Q

________ Energy is kinetic energy associated with the movement of the Atoms and molecules that comprise matter

A

Thermal

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4
Q

_______ Is a measurement of kinetic energy

A

Temperature

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5
Q

_______ Is the capacity to perform work

A

Energy

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6
Q

It takes _______Joules to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1°C

A

4186

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7
Q

One ____Is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1°F

A

BTU

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8
Q

Amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1°F

A

British thermal unit

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9
Q

____Ignition occurs when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounters an ignition source with sufficient heat energy to start the combustion reaction

A

Piloted

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10
Q

________ Occurs without any external flame or spark to ignite the fuel gases or vapors

A

Auto ignition

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11
Q

Total amount of thermal energy that can be generated by the combustion reaction if a fuel were completely burned

A

Heat of combustion

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12
Q

The _______ Of a given fuel is the total amount of energy released on a specific amount of the fuel is oxidized

A

Heat of combustion

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13
Q

________ Is the energy released per unit of time as a given fuel burns

A

Heat release rate

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14
Q

_________ Is the transfer of heat energy by direct contact

A

Conduction

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15
Q

________ Is the transfer of heat energy as an electromagnetic wave without and intervening medium

A

Radiation

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16
Q

__________ Is the transfer of heat energy by a fluid or gas

A

Convection

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17
Q

________ is the dominant method of heat transfer in the early stages of fire development

A

Convection

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18
Q

Transfer of heat by the movement of heated fluid or gas is usually in an upward direction

A

Convection

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19
Q

_________ Is the tendency of gases to stratify according to temperature

A

Thermal layering

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20
Q

When fire development is limited by a lack of oxygen, the fire I said to be__________

A

Ventilation controlled

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21
Q

When the fire is fuel control, increased_____will greatly reduce temperatures within the compartment and thereby slow or prevent it’s progression to flash over

A

Ventilation

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22
Q

The ceiling temperature approaches_____degreesF during a rollover and the heat being radiated to the floor may be sufficient to ignite ordinary materials such as newspaper

A

1,100

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23
Q

Scientific measurement of how much heat is available for transfer to human skin

A

Heat flux

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24
Q

As temperature and____continue to increase, the compartment may rapidly transition to full involvement with or without flash over

A

Heat flux

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25
Q

In the incipient and early girl stages of mini compartment fires, heat transfer is largely dependent on_____

A

Convection

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26
Q

A Fire may enter the_____stage due to consumption of available fuel or due to limited oxygen supply

A

Decay

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27
Q

Two potential consequences of the introduction of air to the compartment in the____stage are ventilation induced flashover and Backdraft

A

Decay

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28
Q

If a fire is_____, it can be thought of as being similar to a gasoline engine running with the choke closed

A

Ventilation controlled

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29
Q

In a ____fire, increasing the air supply increases the heat release rate

A

Ventilation controlled

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30
Q

If the concentration of flammable combustion and pyrolysis products is above the upper flammable limit, the temperature is above___degreesF or another source of ignition is available, and ventilation is increased, a back draft may occur

A

1,100

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31
Q

It is important to recognize that most compartment fires that grow beyond the incipient stage become________

A

Ventilation controlled

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32
Q

In a compartment fire, the most fundamental fuel characteristics influencing fire development are_______and_______

A

Mass, surface area

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33
Q

_________ is the layout of the structure including the number of stories, avenues for fire spread, compartmentation, and barriers to fire spread

A

Building configuration

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34
Q

_________ is the actual and potential ventilation of a structure based on structural openings, construction type, and building ventilation systems

A

Existing Ventilation

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35
Q

_________ Properties include installation, heat reflectivity, retention, and conductivity

A

Thermal

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36
Q

The _________ Of fuel influences it’s heat of combustion and the heat release rate

A

Chemical composition

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37
Q

Kilojoules per kilogram is a standard unit of measure for_______

A

Heat of combustion

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38
Q

_________ are indicators of potential fire behavior prior to ignition

A

Building features

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39
Q

The first of the critical building features is_______

A

Construction type

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40
Q

The__________ In a structure is the actual and potential airflow based on natural air currents, structural openings, construction types, and building ventilation systems

A

Existing Ventilation

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41
Q

_______ Is a result of incomplete combustion

A

Smoke

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42
Q

Smoke color, density, pressure, and movement or other indicators of_________

A

Fire behavior

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43
Q

Fires that are ventilation controlled tend to produce a greater volume of________ than those that are fuel controlled

A

Smoke

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44
Q

This color of smoke generally results from an under ventilated fire or combustion of petroleum products

A

Dark smoke

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45
Q

This color of smoke is produced from petroleum products, rubber, and many plastics

A

Black smoke

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46
Q

This color of smoke frequently contains a substantial concentration of toxic and flammable pyrolysis products

A

Light colored smoke

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47
Q

This color smoke is produced from wood and other ordinary combustibles But may produce black smoke on the fire has a limited air supply

A

Light grey to yellowish or dark brown

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48
Q

The term _______ refers to the buoyancy of the smoke

A

Physical density

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49
Q

Gradual lowering of the hot gas layer could indicate deteriorating conditions and increase potential for_______

A

Flashover

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50
Q

_________ Refers to the movement of air toward burning fuel in the movement of smoke out of the compartment

A

Airflow

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51
Q

_________ indicators include pressure and velocity, turbulence, direction, and movement of the hot gas layer

A

Air flow

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52
Q

For a given volume of smoke, velocity and turbulence will be greater through ________ openings

A

Smaller

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53
Q

_______ Airflow is indicative of an under ventilated fire with potential Backdraft conditions

A

Pulsing

54
Q

Visual indicators of____include observed effects such as blistering paint, bubbling roof tar, crazing glass, and blackened windows

A

Heat

55
Q

If firefighters can see flames in the hot gas layer it may indicate _______and impending rollover

A

Ghosting

56
Q

A bright_______ flame usually indicates high temperatures such as that generated by burning magnesium and other combustible metals

A

White

57
Q

There are two mechanisms that can induce flash over _____and ______

A

Radiation, ventilation

58
Q

________ Is a heat driven phenomenon

A

Flash over

59
Q

Nearing flashover,______heat becomes the dominant method of heat transfer, and the heat flux is sufficient to quickly raise the temperature of the fuel package in the compartment to their ignition temperature temperature

A

Radiant

60
Q

An increase in ventilation can result in a___called a backdraft

A

Deflagration

61
Q

Instantaneous explosion or rapid burning of superheated gases that occurs when oxygen is introduced into an oxygen depleted confined space

A

Backdraft

62
Q

The effects of a Backdraft can vary considerably depending on the number of factors. These variables include the following

A

Where ignition occurs
Speed at which air and fuel mix
Degree of confinement
Volume of flammable products of combustion

63
Q

A ________ Is a form of fire gas ignition that is, the ignition of accumulated final products of combustion

A

Smoke explosion

64
Q

The key differences between a backdraft and a smoke explosion are the___at the fire gases and the oxygen concentration

A

Temperature

65
Q

IFSTA essentials of fire fighting provide a solid foundation for developing knowledge of basic fire science and fire dynamics, referred to as ______

A

Fire behavior

66
Q

And exothermic chemical reaction that is self-sustaining process of rapid oxidation of a fuel, that produces heat and light

A

Combustion

67
Q

_______ Is the energy contained in an object that may be released in the future

A

Potential energy

68
Q

_______ Is often defined in formally as energy of motion

A

Kinetic energy

69
Q

IFSTA‘s essential of firefighting provides a solid foundation for developing knowledge of basic fire science and fire dynamics, and I referred to as _______

A

Fire behavior

70
Q

_______ is termed is a rapid and self sustaining chemical process that yields heat and usually light

A

Combustion

71
Q

The fire triangle is a simple model that explains nonflaming or surface combustion such as ________

A

Glowing charcoal

72
Q

Heat is a form of energy, and energy exist in two states:_____&____

A

Potential, kinetic

73
Q

______ Is the movement of thermal energy from objects of higher temperature to those of lower temperature

A

Heat

74
Q

While a ____ is defined as being equal to one Newton over a distance of 1 m, in relation to fire behavior it is more relevant to think of joules in terms of heat

A

Joule

75
Q

There are two forms of ignition_____&_______

A

Piloted ignition, autoignition

76
Q

the _____ of any fuel determines its heat of combustion and has a significant influence on its energy or heat release rate

A

Chemical content

77
Q

Heat of combustion is usually expressed in either_____ or______

A

Kilojoules/gram, megajoules/kilogram

78
Q

Heat release rate is dependent on the ____, _______, and _____ of the fuel

A

Type, quantity, orientation

79
Q

Convection is the dominant method of heat transfer in the early stages of fire development. However, as the room approaches full involvement, _____from flames and the hot gas layer become The more dominant method of heat transfer

A

Radiation

80
Q

 The incipient stage starts with _____the point worth the three elements of the fire triangle come together and combustion begins

A

Ignition

81
Q

Thermal layering is the tendency of gases to stratify according to temperature. Other terms sometimes used to describe this tendency are _____&_______

A

Heat stratification, thermal balance

82
Q

When sufficient oxygen is available, fire development is controlled by the ____ and ____ of the fuel

A

Characteristics, configuration

83
Q

A significant factor influencing the rate of development is how the fuel is ________

A

Oriented relative to horizontal

84
Q

If flash over occurs and it does not in every case it will look her as the fire transitions from the _____ to the ______stage

A

Growth stage, fully developed

85
Q

The _____ Of a given fuel is the total amount of energy released when a specific amount of that fuel is oxidized

A

Heat of combustion

86
Q

In the incipient and early growth stages of mini compartment fires, heat transfer is largely dependent on_____

A

Convection

87
Q

In the ______ stages of mini compartment fires, heat transfer is largely dependent on convection

A

Incipient and early growth

88
Q

The availability of both ______ and _____ determine whether a fire within a compartment will progress to flash over

A

Fuel, oxygen

89
Q

Two potential consequences of the introduction of air to the compartment in the decay stage are _____&______

A

Ventilation induced flashover, Backdraft

90
Q

In a ventilation controlled fire, increasing the Air Supply increases the _____

A

HRR

91
Q

Combustible materials with high ______ are much more easily ignited and will burn more quickly than the same substance with less surface area

A

Surface to mass ratios

92
Q

In a compartment fire, the most fundamental fuel characteristics influencing fire development are_____&_______

A

Mass, surface area

93
Q

The _____ Are often the most readily available fuel source in a compartment fire

A

Contents of a structure

94
Q

When a fire develops to the point where it becomes ventilation controlled , the ____will determine the speed and extent of fire development and sometimes the direction of fire spread

A

Available air supply

95
Q

Materials such as masonry act as a _____ and will retain heat energy, sustaining high temperatures for a long period of time

A

Heat sink

96
Q

______ Windows, those with multiple layers separated by inert gases, can also act to contain heat in a developing fire

A

Thermal

97
Q

Considering that most fires beyond the Incipient stage are or will quickly become ventilation controlled, changes in ______ are likely to be one of the most significant factors in changing fire behavior

A

Ventilation

98
Q

The chemical composition of fuel influences its _____, the amount of heat released by a given mass of fuel, and the _______, the rate at which the heat is released

A

Heat of combustion, heat release rate

99
Q

______ Of a specific amount of fuel release is a given amount of heat energy

A

Oxidation

100
Q

A fuels heat of combustion is dependent on its _______ and the heat of combustion for hydrocarbon fuels such as plastics, gasoline, propane, and methane can be considerably higher than that of cellulos fuels such as wood

A

Chemical content

101
Q

Fires that are ______ tend to produce a greater volume of smoke than those that are_______

A

Ventilation controlled, fuel controlled

102
Q

Wood and other ordinary combustibles produce various shades of ___ smoke

A

Gray

103
Q

The terms ____ and ____ are used to describe how difficult it is to see through the smoke

A

Optical density, opacity

104
Q

______&_____smoke contains a high concentration of partifles and is difficult to see through

A

Optically dense, thick

105
Q

Like color, optical density is related to _____&_______

A

Fuel type, ventilation

106
Q

In general, buoyancy is related to the _____ of the smoke the higher the temperature, the greater the buoyancy

A

Temperature

107
Q

Even more important than the height of the gas layer are changes in its height. A ______ could indicate that some type of ventilation has occurred either tactically by firefighters or caused by the fire breaking a window

A

Sudden rise

108
Q

_______ of the hot gas layer could indicate deteriorating conditions and increased potential for flashover

A

Gradual lowering

109
Q

_______ could indicate deteriorating conditions caused by flashover in an adjacent compartment

A

Sudden lowering

110
Q

Earflow is caused by pressure differential‘s inside and outside the compartment and by _____,differences in density between a hot smoke and cooler hair

A

Gravity current

111
Q

Airflu indicators include pressure and ____,____,_____&_______of the hot gas layer

A

Velocity, turbulence, direction, movement

112
Q

Fire stream effects such as evaporation of water from hot surfaces or lack of return from a ______, brief application of water fog into the hot gas layer to check for heat overhead, also provide an indication of elevated temperature

A

Temperature check

113
Q

_______ Perceptible by touch, include sensing temperature or temperature changes

A

Tactile effects

114
Q

Flame color is largely dependent on the type of fuel involved, but if flames go from _______, it may also indicate reduced oxygen

A

Light yellow to reddish orange

115
Q

Wildland firefighters refer to high rates of fire spread and heat output that preclude offensive suppression methods as_______

A

Extreme fire behavior

116
Q

Extreme fire behavior is the result of ______ leading to flashover, which is followed by a sustained increase in heat output

A

Rapid fire development

117
Q

Extreme fire behavior is the result of rapidfire development leading to flashover, which is followed by a sustained increase in heat output. On the other hand, rapid combustion or an explosion of accumulated fire gases is an example of a________and is more characteristic of Backdraft or other fire gas ignition‘s

A

Transient event

118
Q

Flashover is a______

A

Heat driven phenomenon

119
Q

______ Is defined by its characteristics progressing rapidly from intense burning to full involvement

A

Flashover

120
Q

While _______ movement is commonly recognized as a Backdraft indicator, raising and lowering of the bottom of the hot gas layer is not

A

Pulsing smoke

121
Q

To some degree, the violence of Backdraft is dependent on the extent to which the ______is confined

A

Fuel air mixture

122
Q

Unlike ghosting or rollover, a smoke explosion involves ignition of a mixture of air and flammable combustion products that are already within the ______

A

Flammable range

123
Q

The key differences between a Backdraft and a smoke explosion are the______&_________

A

Temperature of the fire gases, oxygen concentration

124
Q

In the case of heat, _____means increasing temperature causing the average level of kinetic energy within the molecules of a substance to increase

A

Work

125
Q

A ______ is a form of fire gas ignition that is, the ignition of accumulated flammable products of combustion

A

Smoke explosion

126
Q

As smoke begins to accumulate in the compartment, it does so in a manner called ______

A

Thermal layering

127
Q

The ___ and _____  Of smoke discharge from a burning building can provide some indication of fire location and extent but these indicators need to be verified

A

Volume, location

128
Q

_____and _____ In the fire environment can affect the volume of smoke produced and how it behaves

A

Temperature, humidity

129
Q

In structure fires, fire behavior is often a______

A

Sequential phenomenon

130
Q

A ventilation controlled compartment fire in the decay stage can produce a large volume of flammable smoke and other gases due to_____

A

Incomplete combustion

131
Q

_____and ______ can both result from increased air supply to a ventilation controlled fire

A

Ventilation induced flashover, Backdraft

Truck company (15 decks)

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