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Embryology > CHAPTER 2 - EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN BIRDS AND MAMMALS > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 - EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN BIRDS AND MAMMALS Flashcards

1
Q

is the development and maturation of sex cells called gametes.

A

Gametogenesis

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2
Q

The lineage of cells from which gametes arise

A

germ line

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3
Q

the cells which produce
the gametes

A

primordial germ cells

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3
Q

formation of spermatozoa or male gametes (duration: 34 days in mouse; 36 days in stallion; 74 days in human). Transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa.

A

Spermatogenesis

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4
Q

development of ovum.

A

Oogenesis

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5
Q

transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa

A

Spermiogenesis

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6
Q

In Spermiogenesis the nucleus of spermatid will become what part of spermatozoon?

A

head

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7
Q

The centrosome will become which part of the spermatozoon during spermiogenesis?

A

Axial filament of the tail

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8
Q

The centriole of spermatid will become ______

A

Neck of sperm

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9
Q

Cytoplasm of spermatid will become

A

envelope of sperm

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10
Q

the golgi apparatus will become which part of the sperm

A

Acrosome

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11
Q

The mitochondria will become which part of sperm

A

spiral filament

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12
Q
  • Ovum of mammals
  • Scanty amount of yolk
  • isolecithal distribution
  • central location of nucleus
A

Microlecithal egg (small)

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13
Q
  • Ovum of amphibian
  • Increasing gradient from animal to vegetal pole of egg
  • Moderate amount of yolk
  • Nucleus is located at the animal pole.
A

Mesolecithal

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14
Q
  • Ovum of Avian
  • Large amount of yolk
  • Yolk distributed telolecithal at the vegetal pole
  • nucleus is at the animal pole
A

Macrolecithal

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15
Q

The ovum consists of almost no yolk in it.
Animals like human beings, marsupials and eutherian animals produce such eggs

A

Alecithal egg

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16
Q

Where do primordial germ cells arise from in mammals?

A

Yolk sac endoderm

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17
Q

more than 2 sets of chromosomes may result to Trisomy 21.

A

polyploidy

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18
Q

when the nuclear DNA exists or appear as a grainy material.

A

Chromatin

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19
Q

when the DNA condensed and coiled into X-shaped
form, and the cell is about to divide, and its DNA has been replicated during S phase of interphase.

A

Chromosome

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20
Q

are two identical (sister) copies of chromosome joined together at a region
called a centromere.

A

Chromatids

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21
Q

the proliferative phase wherein the spermatogonial cells multiply by a series of mitotic divisions followed by the meiotic divisions to produce the haploid (n) number of chromosomes.

A

Spermatocytogenesis

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22
Q

the maturation/differentiation of the spermatids while they
are still in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.

A

spermiohistogenesis

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23
Q

What enzyme does the acrosome of sperm contains to permit penetration into the ovum?

A

Hyaluronidase

24
The powerhouse of the sperm
midpiece
25
The release/ migration of matured spermatids into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules to the efferent duct (epididymis) of the male tract.
Spermiation
26
True or false the shape of ovaries for all domestic animals are ellipsoidal including the mares.
False - mare ovaries are kidney in shape/
27
A follicle containing the primary oocyte enclosed by a single layer of flat, follicular epithelial cells
Primordial follicle
28
a little larger than the primordial follicle, contains the primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal follicular cells
Primary follicle
29
when two or more layers of cuboidal follicular cells surround the oocyte and with a small or no antrum
Secondary follicle
30
a follicle with already a characteristic antrum
Tertiary follicle
31
a large, mature follicle containing the secondary oocyte that bulges from the surface of the ovary
Graafian / vesicular / follicle
32
cell membrane intimately enclosing the oocyte
Vitelline membrane
33
an acellular layer located between the vitelline membrane of the oocyte and the follicular cells
Zona pellucida
34
squamous follicular cells which become cuboidal as the follicle matures
Granulosa cells
35
Layers of follicular cells directly adjacent to the zona pellucida of the oocyte
Corona radiate
36
mound of granulosa cells on which the oocyte sits
Cumulus oophorus
37
a fluid filled cavity of the follicle
Antrum
38
fluid inside the antrum secreted by the follicular cells
Liquor folliculi
39
development and maturation of follicles
folliculogenesis
40
is the process where the matured follicle burst with the liberation of the ovum
Ovulation
41
Remnant of the follicle secretes progesterone for maintenance of pregnancy.
corpus luteum
42
The functional ovary of chicken.
left ovary
43
eggs can be released with or without copulation
Spontaneous ovulation
44
requires stimulation from males, i.e. coitus/mating to ensure successful fertilization. Examples are Cats, rabbits, camels, and ferrets
Induced ovulation
45
How many spermatozoa is produced per spermatogenesis?
4
46
Number of ovum produced per oogenesis
1
47
The union of the male and female gametes to form a zygote, takes place in the fallopian tube.
Fertilization
48
Sperms are not capable of fertilizing an ovum unless this occurs. The process whereby spermatozoa acquire fertility in the female reproductive tract.
Capacitation
49
Active and viable time of cow spermatozoa
1 day
50
Active and viable time of dpg spermatozoa
1 week
51
True or false the future sex of the animal is determined largely by the sex chromosomes of the spermatozoa.
True
52
True or False In birds an embryo with XY chromosomes becomes a female, while that with XX chromosomes becomes a male.
True
53
fertilized ovum; formed by union of male and female gametes
ZYGOTE
54
an orderly fusion of the spermatozoal plasma membrane and the outer acrosomal membrane.
ACROSOMAL REACTION
55
calcium-triggered reaction of the oocyte cell membrane
CORTICAL REACTION
56
A process whereby the zona pellucida undergoes biochemical changes so that further sperm cannot penetrate it.
ZONA BLOCK
57
Reduction of the ability of the oocyte plasma membrane to fuse with additional spermatozoa
VITELLINE BLOCK
58
on sex-determining genes; identical in length, size, shape, and gene sequence
Autosomes

Embryology (10 decks)

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