CHAPTER 2 - EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN BIRDS AND MAMMALS Flashcards
is the development and maturation of sex cells called gametes.
Gametogenesis
The lineage of cells from which gametes arise
germ line
the cells which produce
the gametes
primordial germ cells
formation of spermatozoa or male gametes (duration: 34 days in mouse; 36 days in stallion; 74 days in human). Transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa.
Spermatogenesis
development of ovum.
Oogenesis
transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa
Spermiogenesis
In Spermiogenesis the nucleus of spermatid will become what part of spermatozoon?
head
The centrosome will become which part of the spermatozoon during spermiogenesis?
Axial filament of the tail
The centriole of spermatid will become ______
Neck of sperm
Cytoplasm of spermatid will become
envelope of sperm
the golgi apparatus will become which part of the sperm
Acrosome
The mitochondria will become which part of sperm
spiral filament
- Ovum of mammals
- Scanty amount of yolk
- isolecithal distribution
- central location of nucleus
Microlecithal egg (small)
- Ovum of amphibian
- Increasing gradient from animal to vegetal pole of egg
- Moderate amount of yolk
- Nucleus is located at the animal pole.
Mesolecithal
- Ovum of Avian
- Large amount of yolk
- Yolk distributed telolecithal at the vegetal pole
- nucleus is at the animal pole
Macrolecithal
The ovum consists of almost no yolk in it.
Animals like human beings, marsupials and eutherian animals produce such eggs
Alecithal egg
Where do primordial germ cells arise from in mammals?
Yolk sac endoderm
more than 2 sets of chromosomes may result to Trisomy 21.
polyploidy
when the nuclear DNA exists or appear as a grainy material.
Chromatin
when the DNA condensed and coiled into X-shaped
form, and the cell is about to divide, and its DNA has been replicated during S phase of interphase.
Chromosome
are two identical (sister) copies of chromosome joined together at a region
called a centromere.
Chromatids
the proliferative phase wherein the spermatogonial cells multiply by a series of mitotic divisions followed by the meiotic divisions to produce the haploid (n) number of chromosomes.
Spermatocytogenesis
the maturation/differentiation of the spermatids while they
are still in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.
spermiohistogenesis
What enzyme does the acrosome of sperm contains to permit penetration into the ovum?
Hyaluronidase
The powerhouse of the sperm
midpiece
The release/ migration of matured spermatids into the lumen of the
seminiferous tubules to the efferent duct (epididymis) of the male tract.
Spermiation
True or false the shape of ovaries for all domestic animals are ellipsoidal including the mares.
False - mare ovaries are kidney in shape/
A follicle containing the primary oocyte enclosed by a single layer of flat, follicular epithelial cells
Primordial follicle
a little larger than the primordial follicle, contains the primary
oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal follicular cells
Primary follicle
when two or more layers of cuboidal follicular cells surround the
oocyte and with a small or no antrum
Secondary follicle
a follicle with already a characteristic antrum
Tertiary follicle
a large, mature follicle containing the secondary
oocyte that bulges from the surface of the ovary
Graafian / vesicular / follicle
cell membrane intimately enclosing the oocyte
Vitelline membrane
an acellular layer located between the vitelline membrane of the
oocyte and the follicular cells
Zona pellucida
squamous follicular cells which become cuboidal as the follicle
matures
Granulosa cells
Layers of follicular cells directly adjacent to the zona pellucida of
the oocyte
Corona radiate
mound of granulosa cells on which the oocyte sits
Cumulus oophorus
a fluid filled cavity of the follicle
Antrum
fluid inside the antrum secreted by the follicular cells
Liquor folliculi
development and maturation of follicles
folliculogenesis
is the process where the matured follicle burst with the liberation of the ovum
Ovulation
Remnant of the follicle secretes progesterone for maintenance of pregnancy.
corpus luteum
The functional ovary of chicken.
left ovary
eggs can be released with or without copulation
Spontaneous ovulation
requires stimulation from males, i.e. coitus/mating to ensure successful fertilization. Examples are Cats, rabbits, camels, and ferrets
Induced ovulation
How many spermatozoa is produced per spermatogenesis?
4
Number of ovum produced per oogenesis
1
The union of the male and female gametes to form a zygote, takes place in the fallopian tube.
Fertilization
Sperms are not capable of fertilizing an ovum unless this occurs. The process whereby spermatozoa acquire fertility in the female
reproductive tract.
Capacitation
Active and viable time of cow spermatozoa
1 day
Active and viable time of dpg spermatozoa
1 week
True or false the future sex of the animal is determined largely by the sex chromosomes of the
spermatozoa.
True
True or False In birds an embryo with XY chromosomes
becomes a female, while that with XX chromosomes becomes a male.
True
fertilized ovum; formed by union of male and female gametes
ZYGOTE
an orderly fusion of the spermatozoal plasma membrane and
the outer acrosomal membrane.
ACROSOMAL REACTION
calcium-triggered reaction of the oocyte cell membrane
CORTICAL REACTION
A process whereby the zona pellucida undergoes biochemical changes
so that further sperm cannot penetrate it.
ZONA BLOCK
Reduction of the ability of the oocyte plasma membrane to fuse with additional spermatozoa
VITELLINE BLOCK
on sex-determining genes; identical in length, size, shape, and gene
sequence
Autosomes
