Chapter 10 - Concepts & Mechanisms of Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four developmental processes all interrelated and are usually interdependent that any genetic
or teratogenic insult to any of them may cause a secondary alteration in all of them?

A

Growth, Cytodifferentiation, Morphogenesis, Patterning

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2
Q

This is the process where the size of a part or the entirety of an organism is increasing its cellular size?

A

Growth

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3
Q

Growth is not proportionate in all body parts

A

Allometric Growth

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4
Q

Growth is proportionate

A

Isometric growth

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5
Q

It is the mechanism by which tissue and organs are shaped.

A

Morphogenesis

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6
Q

It is the process whereby specialized cell types develop from less specialized ones.

A

Cytodifferentiation

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7
Q

It is the process whereby embryonic cells organize into tissues and organs

A

Patterning

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8
Q

This is the event proceeding cytodifferentiation.

A

Cell commitment

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9
Q

It is the reversible phase

A

cell specification

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10
Q

This is a irreversible phase

A

cell determination

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11
Q

It’s the ability of the cells to produce all the differentiated cells in the body

A

Totipotency

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12
Q

if this fails it may result to non-development of certain tissue or organs.

A

Tissue interaction

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13
Q

It’s the interaction at close range between two or more cells.

A

Interaction by induction

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14
Q

it is the group that controls the differentiation of the other group. e.g are the optic vesicles that causes the formation of the surface ectoderm.

A

Inducing cells

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15
Q

these are the dependent groups

A

Induced cells

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16
Q

It’s the ability to respond to a specific inductive signal.

A

Competence

17
Q

Genetically programmed death of cells in the interdigital zone or necrotic zone for the normal development of the digits.

18
Q

It’s the principal intercellular mediators or apoptosis

19
Q

These are the defects or abnormalities which appear at birth caused by errors arising during development. Maybe caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors

A

Congenital Malformations

20
Q

True or false defects expressed at a later time of life are also considered congenital.

21
Q

This means that a defect is caused by non-hereditary factors e.g. medicines like thalidomide, angiotensin, acne medication, alcohol and smoking.

22
Q

True or false Down syndrome is caused by extrinsic factors

23
Q

True or false
Teratogens is an extrinsic factor

24
Q

These are during the critical period of organ system development or during inductive tissue interactions and morphogenesis

A

Causal Effects

25
The critical period of most structures is during
blastula and grastula
26
True or false CNS and heart are sensitive to teratogenic insult throughout prenatal and even postnatal in most species.
True
27
True or false Tranquilizers, sedatives and anticonvulsants (behavioral teratogens) cause irreversible defects in cognitive and motor development.
True