Chapter 10 - Concepts & Mechanisms of Development

Question 1

What are the four developmental processes all interrelated and are usually interdependent that any genetic
or teratogenic insult to any of them may cause a secondary alteration in all of them?

Answer 1

Growth, Cytodifferentiation, Morphogenesis, Patterning

Question 2

This is the process where the size of a part or the entirety of an organism is increasing its cellular size?

Answer 2

Growth

Question 3

Growth is not proportionate in all body parts

Answer 3

Allometric Growth

Question 4

Growth is proportionate

Answer 4

Isometric growth

Question 5

It is the mechanism by which tissue and organs are shaped.

Answer 5

Morphogenesis

Question 6

It is the process whereby specialized cell types develop from less specialized ones.

Answer 6

Cytodifferentiation

Question 7

It is the process whereby embryonic cells organize into tissues and organs

Answer 7

Patterning

Question 8

This is the event proceeding cytodifferentiation.

Answer 8

Cell commitment

Question 9

It is the reversible phase

Answer 9

cell specification

Question 10

This is a irreversible phase

Answer 10

cell determination

Question 11

It’s the ability of the cells to produce all the differentiated cells in the body

Answer 11

Totipotency

Question 12

if this fails it may result to non-development of certain tissue or organs.

Answer 12

Tissue interaction

Question 13

It’s the interaction at close range between two or more cells.

Answer 13

Interaction by induction

Question 14

it is the group that controls the differentiation of the other group. e.g are the optic vesicles that causes the formation of the surface ectoderm.

Answer 14

Inducing cells

Question 15

these are the dependent groups

Answer 15

Induced cells

Question 16

It’s the ability to respond to a specific inductive signal.

Answer 16

Competence

Question 17

Genetically programmed death of cells in the interdigital zone or necrotic zone for the normal development of the digits.

Answer 17

Apoptosis

Question 18

It’s the principal intercellular mediators or apoptosis

Answer 18

Caspases

Question 19

These are the defects or abnormalities which appear at birth caused by errors arising during development. Maybe caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors

Answer 19

Congenital Malformations

Question 20

True or false defects expressed at a later time of life are also considered congenital.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

This means that a defect is caused by non-hereditary factors e.g. medicines like thalidomide, angiotensin, acne medication, alcohol and smoking.

Answer 21

extrinsic

Question 22

True or false Down syndrome is caused by extrinsic factors

Answer 22

False

Question 23

True or false
Teratogens is an extrinsic factor

Answer 23

True

Question 24

These are during the critical period of organ system development or during inductive tissue interactions and morphogenesis

Answer 24

Causal Effects

Question 25

The critical period of most structures is during

Answer 25

blastula and grastula

Question 26

True or false
CNS and heart are sensitive to teratogenic insult throughout prenatal and even postnatal in most species.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

True or false
Tranquilizers, sedatives and anticonvulsants (behavioral teratogens) cause irreversible defects in cognitive and motor development.

Answer 27

True