Chapter 1 - Historical Aspect of Embryology

Question 1

What is the major subdivision of Anatomy?

Answer 1

Microscopic and Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy

Question 2

Study of structure and function of cells

Answer 2

Cytology

Question 3

studies the forms and structures of cells, tissues and organs of the body with the aid of a microscope.

Answer 3

Histology

Question 4

This is the study of morphogenesis of the single cell after the union of two cells.

Answer 4

Developmental Anatomy

Question 5

Study of growth and development of fertilized egg inside the reproductive tract.

Answer 5

Embryology

Question 6

This is the formation of body structures and organs. It requires cell division and cell differentiation

Answer 6

Embryogenesis

Question 7

Is used for the development of new individuals by means of asexual reproduction.

Answer 7

Blastogenesis

Question 8

Is the study of the structures big enough to be seen by unaided eye.

Answer 8

Gross Anatomy

Question 9

Deals with the similarity and dissimilarity of structures of
various species of animal.

Answer 9

Comparative Anatomy

Question 10

Focuses on the structures of the organ systems, example digestive, urinary, nervous system.

Answer 10

Systemic Anatomy

Question 11

Branch of anatomy dealing the different regions of the body.

Answer 11

Regional Anatomy

Question 12

Is the early developmental form of an organism, without a definite
recognizable head, body or limbs.

Answer 12

embryo

Question 13

An organism on its advanced development wherein a recognizable bodily form is clearly visible that distinguishes its adult species.

Answer 13

fetus

Question 14

The most critical period during pregnancy or gestation.

Answer 14

1st trimester

Question 15

This is the individual’s entire lifespan (starting as a zygote then the following stages: embryo, fetus, postpartum life as an individual and ends at death)

Answer 15

Ontogeny

Question 16

Defined as the time from fertilization to the earliest
(primordial) stages of organ development (about 30 days in dog, cat, sheep, pig; almost 60 days in horse, cattle, human). It ends when various organs are formed.

Answer 16

Embryonic period

Question 17

The time between the embryonic period and parturition (the end of
gestation), during which organs grow and begin to function.

Answer 17

Fetal period

Question 18

 Embryonic stage
 Fertilization- union of male and female gametes (mature sex cells)
 Cleavage- segmentation division
 Gastrulation- differentiation of the 3 germ layer
 Organogenesis- establishment of the organs
 Postembryonic stage- fetal stage
 Adulthood

Answer 18

Stages in the Life Cycle

Question 19

 Gametogenesis-
 Fertilization
 Cleavage
 Gastrulation
 Organogenesis
 Growth and Histogenesis

Answer 19

Phases of Ontogenic Development

Question 20

Theories of Generation

Answer 20

 Preformism: Ovism and Spermism
 Epigenesis
 Phylogenesis

Question 21

the prevailing view of many scientists and scholars
interested in embryology that organisms develop from miniatures of themselves.

Answer 21

Preformism

Question 22

Proposed that the structure of an animal emerges gradually from a relatively formless egg. First proposed by the Greek philosopher Aristotle.

Answer 22

Epigenesis

Question 23

the theory states that origin and evolution of a species is a continuing process that is measured in several years. Example, the evolution of man
from monkey.

Answer 23

Phylogenesis

Question 24

• Father of Embryology
  Proposed that all vertebrate embryos pass a stage wherein they are anatomically similar seen in 18 dy dog, 24 dy cow and 48-60 hr chick embryos

Answer 24

KARL ERNST VON BAER

Question 25

 The most influential of the late nineteenth century embryologists  Often called the ‘Father of Experimental Embryology’

Answer 25

WILHELM ROUX

Question 26

Observed that the embryo develops its organ systems gradually. Foetu described and illustrated gross anatomy of embryos and their membranes

Answer 26

ARISTOTLE

Question 27

published the first microscopic account of chick development, identifying the neural groove, somites and blood flow to the yolk sac.

Answer 27

MARCELLO MALPIGHI

Question 28

first to observe the blastoderm of the chick embryo and to indicate that blood islands form before the heart does.

Answer 28

WILLIAM HARVEY

Question 29

Made the first description of the germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) in the chick; Organs were not formed from a single germ layer

Answer 29

CHRISTIAN PANDER

Question 30

cells that give rise to all tissues and organs of the body.

Answer 30

Germ layer

Question 31

Gives rise to the epidermis, nervous tissue and some skeletal and connective tissue of the head. Outermost or upper layer of cells

Answer 31

ECTODERM

Question 32

The middle layer of cells. Forms most of the muscles and skeletal tissues, urogenital system and the heart and blood vessels.

Answer 32

MESODERM

Question 33

Deepest or innermost layer of cells that lines the digestive, respiratory tract and those organs associated to digestion

Answer 33

ENDODERM

Question 34

Precursor of all connective and muscle tissues and is component of all organs except the CNS

Answer 34

MESENCHYME

Question 35

Branch of embryology that deals with the causes and results of abnormal development or congenital malformation. a group of loosely and irregularly arranged cells separated by a large amount of extracellular matrix.

Answer 35

Teratology

Question 36

abnormality that arises during prenatal development due to hereditary or environmental factors.

Answer 36

Congenital malformation or congenital defect

Question 37

congenital defect caused by disturbance of development of an organ or portion of an organ.

Answer 37

Anomaly

Question 38

congenital defect caused by disturbance of development of several organs and causes great distortion of the individual.

Answer 38

Monstrosity

Question 39

single layer or several layers of cells that rest on a basal lamina; cells are closely joined together at their lateral surfaces.

Answer 39

Epithelium

Question 40

a tissue which connects and supports other tissues of the body, such as adipose tissue, tendons, ligaments, cartilage and bone.

Answer 40

Connective Tissue

Question 41

pertains to the back

Answer 41

Dorsal

Question 42

the belly

Answer 42

Ventral

Question 43

the head

Answer 43

Cephalic

Question 44

the tail

Answer 44

Caudal

Question 45

the middle part

Answer 45

Medial

Question 46

the side of the embryonic body

Answer 46

Lateral

Question 47

is used to refer to the extreme anterior portion of the head or the relative location of intracephalic structures such as the various parts of the brain

Answer 47

Rostral

Question 48

Toward the back

Answer 48

dorsad

Question 49

toward the head

Answer 49

cephalad

Question 50

which is covered by a layer of ectodermal epithelium which will become the epidermis of the skin

Answer 50

Body

Question 51

an elongated hollow structure derived from ectoderm and located beneath the ectodermal epithelium which runs along the dorsal midline of the body

Answer 51

Neural tube

Question 52

forebrain

Answer 52

prosencephalon

Question 53

midbrain

Answer 53

mesencephalon

Question 54

hindbrain

Answer 54

rhombencephalon

Question 55

another hollow tube that run the length of the embryo near the ventral midline and gives rise to the digestive tract.

Answer 55

Gut tube

Question 56

a segmented portion of the mesoderm located on either side of the neural tube.

Answer 56

Paraxial mesoderm

Question 57

a longitudinal rod of mesodermal cells located beneath the neural tube that extends from the midbrain to the tail. It will not give rise to any adult structure in vertebrate embryos although in lower forms of fishes, it gives rise to the axial skeleton.

Answer 57

Notochord

Question 58

a small cluster of mesodermal cells located lateral to the paraxial mesoderm it gives rise to the embryonic kidneys, and the gonads

Answer 58

Intermediate mesoderm

Question 59

a layer of mesodermal cells located lateral to the intermediate mesoderm.

Answer 59

Lateral mesoderm

Question 60

first seen as a slightly curved tube located in the ventral midline of the embryo beneath the caudal part of the pharynx.

Answer 60

Heart

Question 61

include the ventral aorta, aortic arches, dorsal aortae, vitelline (or omphalomesenteric) arteries and allantoic (or umbilical) arteries.

Answer 61

Arteries

Question 62

include the cranial and caudal cardinal veins, the common cardinal veins, vitelline veins and allantoic veins.

Answer 62

Veins