Chapter 1 - Historical Aspect of Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major subdivision of Anatomy?

A

Microscopic and Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy

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2
Q

Study of structure and function of cells

A

Cytology

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3
Q

studies the forms and structures of cells, tissues and organs of the body with the aid of a microscope.

A

Histology

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4
Q

This is the study of morphogenesis of the single cell after the union of two cells.

A

Developmental Anatomy

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5
Q

Study of growth and development of fertilized egg inside the reproductive tract.

A

Embryology

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6
Q

This is the formation of body structures and organs. It requires cell division and cell differentiation

A

Embryogenesis

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7
Q

Is used for the development of new individuals by means of asexual reproduction.

A

Blastogenesis

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8
Q

Is the study of the structures big enough to be seen by unaided eye.

A

Gross Anatomy

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9
Q

Deals with the similarity and dissimilarity of structures of
various species of animal.

A

Comparative Anatomy

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10
Q

Focuses on the structures of the organ systems, example digestive, urinary, nervous system.

A

Systemic Anatomy

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11
Q

Branch of anatomy dealing the different regions of the body.

A

Regional Anatomy

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12
Q

Is the early developmental form of an organism, without a definite
recognizable head, body or limbs.

A

embryo

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13
Q

An organism on its advanced development wherein a recognizable bodily form is clearly visible that distinguishes its adult species.

A

fetus

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14
Q

The most critical period during pregnancy or gestation.

A

1st trimester

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15
Q

This is the individual’s entire lifespan (starting as a zygote then the following stages: embryo, fetus, postpartum life as an individual and ends at death)

A

Ontogeny

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16
Q

Defined as the time from fertilization to the earliest
(primordial) stages of organ development (about 30 days in dog, cat, sheep, pig; almost 60 days in horse, cattle, human). It ends when various organs are formed.

A

Embryonic period

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17
Q

The time between the embryonic period and parturition (the end of
gestation), during which organs grow and begin to function.

A

Fetal period

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18
Q

 Embryonic stage
 Fertilization- union of male and female gametes (mature sex cells)
 Cleavage- segmentation division
 Gastrulation- differentiation of the 3 germ layer
 Organogenesis- establishment of the organs
 Postembryonic stage- fetal stage
 Adulthood

A

Stages in the Life Cycle

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19
Q

 Gametogenesis-
 Fertilization
 Cleavage
 Gastrulation
 Organogenesis
 Growth and Histogenesis

A

Phases of Ontogenic Development

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20
Q

Theories of Generation

A

 Preformism: Ovism and Spermism
 Epigenesis
 Phylogenesis

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21
Q

the prevailing view of many scientists and scholars
interested in embryology that organisms develop from miniatures of themselves.

A

Preformism

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22
Q

Proposed that the structure of an animal emerges gradually from a relatively formless egg. First proposed by the Greek philosopher Aristotle.

A

Epigenesis

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23
Q

the theory states that origin and evolution of a species is a continuing process that is measured in several years. Example, the evolution of man
from monkey.

A

Phylogenesis

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24
Q
  • Father of Embryology
    Proposed that all vertebrate embryos pass a stage wherein they are anatomically similar seen in 18 dy dog, 24 dy cow and 48-60 hr chick embryos
A

KARL ERNST VON BAER

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25
 The most influential of the late nineteenth century embryologists  Often called the ‘Father of Experimental Embryology’
WILHELM ROUX
26
Observed that the embryo develops its organ systems gradually. Foetu described and illustrated gross anatomy of embryos and their membranes
ARISTOTLE
27
published the first microscopic account of chick development, identifying the neural groove, somites and blood flow to the yolk sac.
MARCELLO MALPIGHI
28
first to observe the blastoderm of the chick embryo and to indicate that blood islands form before the heart does.
WILLIAM HARVEY
29
Made the first description of the germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) in the chick; Organs were not formed from a single germ layer
CHRISTIAN PANDER
30
cells that give rise to all tissues and organs of the body.
Germ layer
31
Gives rise to the epidermis, nervous tissue and some skeletal and connective tissue of the head. Outermost or upper layer of cells
ECTODERM
32
The middle layer of cells. Forms most of the muscles and skeletal tissues, urogenital system and the heart and blood vessels.
MESODERM
33
Deepest or innermost layer of cells that lines the digestive, respiratory tract and those organs associated to digestion
ENDODERM
34
Precursor of all connective and muscle tissues and is component of all organs except the CNS
MESENCHYME
35
Branch of embryology that deals with the causes and results of abnormal development or congenital malformation. a group of loosely and irregularly arranged cells separated by a large amount of extracellular matrix.
Teratology
36
abnormality that arises during prenatal development due to hereditary or environmental factors.
Congenital malformation or congenital defect
37
congenital defect caused by disturbance of development of an organ or portion of an organ.
Anomaly
38
congenital defect caused by disturbance of development of several organs and causes great distortion of the individual.
Monstrosity
39
single layer or several layers of cells that rest on a basal lamina; cells are closely joined together at their lateral surfaces.
Epithelium
40
a tissue which connects and supports other tissues of the body, such as adipose tissue, tendons, ligaments, cartilage and bone.
Connective Tissue
41
pertains to the back
Dorsal
42
the belly
Ventral
43
the head
Cephalic
44
the tail
Caudal
45
the middle part
Medial
46
the side of the embryonic body
Lateral
47
is used to refer to the extreme anterior portion of the head or the relative location of intracephalic structures such as the various parts of the brain
Rostral
48
Toward the back
dorsad
49
toward the head
cephalad
50
which is covered by a layer of ectodermal epithelium which will become the epidermis of the skin
Body
51
an elongated hollow structure derived from ectoderm and located beneath the ectodermal epithelium which runs along the dorsal midline of the body
Neural tube
52
forebrain
prosencephalon
53
midbrain
mesencephalon
54
hindbrain
rhombencephalon
55
another hollow tube that run the length of the embryo near the ventral midline and gives rise to the digestive tract.
Gut tube
56
a segmented portion of the mesoderm located on either side of the neural tube.
Paraxial mesoderm
57
a longitudinal rod of mesodermal cells located beneath the neural tube that extends from the midbrain to the tail. It will not give rise to any adult structure in vertebrate embryos although in lower forms of fishes, it gives rise to the axial skeleton.
Notochord
58
a small cluster of mesodermal cells located lateral to the paraxial mesoderm it gives rise to the embryonic kidneys, and the gonads
Intermediate mesoderm
59
a layer of mesodermal cells located lateral to the intermediate mesoderm.
Lateral mesoderm
60
first seen as a slightly curved tube located in the ventral midline of the embryo beneath the caudal part of the pharynx.
Heart
61
include the ventral aorta, aortic arches, dorsal aortae, vitelline (or omphalomesenteric) arteries and allantoic (or umbilical) arteries.
Arteries
62
include the cranial and caudal cardinal veins, the common cardinal veins, vitelline veins and allantoic veins.
Veins