chapter 2: cells in CT Flashcards
cell in CT that:
- is derived from MESENCHYME cells
- usually fixed cell, but can move somewhat
- may occasionally divide in wound healing
- may change into other cell types
fibroblast
fibroblasts –> ________ during fibrocartilage formation
chondrocytes
fibroblasts –> ________ in certain pathologies
osteoblasts
STRUCTURAL function of fibroblasts
produce and maintain MATRIX (fibers, ground substances)
HEALING function of fibroblasts
produce growth factors
SCAR formation
dense IRREGULAR CT
- avascular and contain fibrocytes
- 70% as strong as original tissue
scar formation
DEFENSIVE function of fibroblasts
produce cytokines and enzymes
can phagocytize when needed
- mature less active fibroblast so it will appear flat
- long lived cell with lower energy & oxygen requirements
- structural cell but limited capabilities
fibrocyte
fibrocytes can produce these three things
HA
ground substance
reticular fibers
fibrocytes CANNOT produce new ____ ____ fibers
collagen elastic
posses features of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
-functions during:
wound healing
tooth erruption
myofibroblast
Can be unilocular or multiocular
- DONT divide or change into other cell types
- derived from mesenchyme cells producing preadipocytes
adipocytes
general fxns of adipocytes
lipid storage
regulate energy metabolism (produce LEPTIN)
cells derived from B lymphocytes
- DON’T divide, relatively short-lived
- found in CT
- not typically found in blood
plasma cells
main fxn of plasma cells is to produce:
immunoglobulins
- large cells with an indented or kidney-shaped nucleus, often containing residual bodies in their cytoplasm
- can divide
- very important defensive cell
macrophages
macrophages are derived from:
monocytes
all members of this system arise from a common ancestor in bone marrow and are able to phagocytize and display particular receptors
mononuclear phagocyte system (reticuloedothelial system)
kupffer cells alveolar macrophages monocytes microglia langerhans cells osteoclasts -are all part of this system
mononuclear phagocyte system (reticuloedothelial system)
-phagocytosis of debris & MICROBES
-acts as APC
-create foreign body giant cells
-release cytokines and other products
Are all functions of:
Macrophage
large cells containing cytoplasmic granules
- found in CT proper, small BV and under epithelium
- live FEW DAYS TO MONTHS
mast cells
mast cells are derived from
basophils
inflammation immediate hypersensitivity response anaphylaxis asthma release primary mediators produce and release secondary mediators --these are all due to what cell type
Mast cells
primary mediator released by mast cells
histamine (ON SWITCH)
heparin (OFF SWITCH)
ECFNCF
histamine:
- increases permeability of _____& ____, vasodilation of arterioles and small arteries to _____ blood flow to area
- contraction of ____ ______ muscle
capillaries
venules
increase
visceral smooth
heparin binds to and inactivates ____ (slow effect)
histamine
primary mediator that attracts eosinophils, which will:
- inhibit leukotrienes
- produce factor that inhibits mast cell degranulation
- phagocytize IgE
- allergin complexes and mast cell granules
- secretes histaminase
- limits effects of histamine and leukotrienes
- destroy parastic worm larvae
ECF (eosinophil chemotactic factor)
attracts neutrophils
NCF (neutrophil chemotactic factor)
secondary mediator that has same effect as histamine, but MUCH MORE POWERFUL; will extend and amplify effects of histamine
leukotrienes
direct cell trauma phagocytosis IgE allergic complex complement process/molecules -these 4 stimuli activate which cell type
mast cells
elicits IgE formation which binds to mast cells, slower reaction/weak
first exposure (primary immune response)
first exposure produces which types of cells
memory (B&T cells)
allergin binds to “sensitized” mast cells and mast cell degranulate; quick reaction
second exposure (secondary immune response)
mast cell mediated events
basic inflammatory rxn
immediate hypersensitivity response
anaphylaxis
asthma
stimulates phagocytosis/direct trauma/complement
mast cell DEGRANULATE:
local rxn
-histamine reacts first
-increase in permeability of capillaries and venues
-dilation of arterioles and small arteries
-leukotrienes take effect –> extends effects of histamine
-heparin and ECF react last
basic inflammatory rxn, cut in skin
- stimulates IgE/allergin complex
- mast cells degranulate and produce various substances
- localized inflammatory response at site of allergic contact
immediate hypersensitivity response: simple allergy
stimulates: massive IgE production
systemic mast cells & basophil degranulation and secretion
systemic inflammatory response
anaphylactic shock
anaphylaxis: general process
circulatory shock –> cardiovascular collapse caused by EXTENSIVE internal bleeding
anaphylactic shock
allergins typically in the air and often known, usually childhood onset
extrinsic asthma
allergin typically unknown, adult onset may follow a respiratory illness
intrinsic asthma
- IgE/allergin complex
- secondary factors: inflammation in lungs
- primary problem: release of LEUKOTRIENES
- -are all causes for:
asthma
monocytes become ______ in CT
macrophages
neutrophils _________; attracted to site of ______ inflammation
phagocytize
acute
eosinophils combat _________ worm larvae; attracted to site of _______ inflammation
parasitic
allergic
basophils are similar to _____ cells
initiate, maintain and influence _______
mast
inflammation
lymphocytes: ______ and cell mediated immunities; attracted to sites of ______ inflammation
humoral
chronic
mesenchyme cells: adult ______ cells – function to _________
- Can divide
- may or may not exist in adults
stem
change into another cell type
derived from mesenchyme cells
reticular cells
function: to make reticular fibers when needed on permanent basis
reticular cells
______ produce NET FIBERS when needed temporarily ex. wound healing
fibroblasts
