Chapter 2: Cardiorespiratory System & Gas Exchange Flashcards
What is the function of blood
Transport oxygen, nutrients, & metabolic byproducts
What is blood’s pH and what are causes for this to deviate
Normal pH is 7.4
Deviation Causes:
-Exercise
-Stress
-Disease
Buffers:
-Bicarbonate
-Ventilation
-Kidney Function
Oxygen in blood, what carries it, what is the amount of O_2 per gram of _____,
Oxygen is carried by hemoglobin in the blood.
Healthy blood has 1.39 Oxygen per gram of hemoglobin. 15g of hemoglobin per 100ml of blood. (20.8ml of Oxygen per 100ml of blood)
Heart, how many chambers?
The heart is a cardiac muscle, it has four chambers: Right & Left Atria, Right & Left Ventricles.
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Is a measure of the heart and the beats.
P-wave: Atrial Depolarization
QRS Complex: Ventricular Depolarization, Atrial repolarization
T wave: Ventricular Repolarization
Arteries
Carry blood AWAY
High-pressure: 60-100mmHg
Veins
Carry blood TOWARDS the heart.
Low Pressure
Muscles assist in blood movement.
Total Peripheral Resistence
The resistance of the entire systemic circulation
Vessels Constrict = High TPR
Vessels Dilate = Low TPR
Factors:
-Exercise
-Sympathetic NS
-Local Muscle Tissue Metabolism
-Environmental Stressors
Circulation during exercise location and % in those locations.
During Heavy exercise our hearts pump 25 L/min vs 5 L/min during rest.
Our muscles gain a huge amount of blood with most other places maintaining the same amount spare our organs and bones.
Cardiac Cycle
Diastole - Relaxation
-Heart fills w/ blood
Systole - Contraction
-Blood ejected during ventricular contraction
-Systolic blood pressure (SBP)
Rate-Pressure Product (RPP)
Rate-Pressure Product (RPP)
Estimated work of heart.
Your Systolic blood pressure (SBP) * Heart Rate = RPP.
Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)
Pressure when no blood is being ejected.
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Mean pressure throughout the cardiac cycle.
Cardiac Output (Q)
Amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute.
Stroke Volume (SV) * Heart Rate (HR) = Q
Stroke Volume (SV)
Amount of blood pumped per heartbeat.
SV = end diastolic volume (EDV) - end systolic volume (ESV)
Frank-Starling Principle
More LV stretch = more forceful contraction
Greater blood volume
What are the structures of the Respiratory System
Nasal Cavities, Trachea, L & R Bronchi, Bronchioles, Aveoli
Respiratory System: Inspiration
Sucking in air
Active Process
Muscles used:
-Diaphragm
-External Intercostal Muscles
Contraction of diaphragm lowers air pressure in lungs -> air moves in.
During Exercise: Internal intercostal muscles & abdominal muscles are involved in inhalation and exhalation.
Respiratory System: Expiration
Exhale
Passive (at rest)
Diaphragm relaxes -> increased pressure -> air moves out.
During Exercise: Internal intercostal muscles & abdominal muscles are involved in inhalation and exhalation.
Gas Exchange, Alveolus moving CO_2 & O_2
Upon inspired air coming in the Alveolus (air sacks) from the Trachea, oxygen will move into the veins move into the muscles, be converted into CO_2 then moved via Venous blood back to the Alveolus which will be sucked out open breathing out.
Note: The more CO_2 you intake your body gets better at processing Oxygen.
Heart Circulation
Starts from trunk CO2, Begins from R atrium -> Right Ventricle CO_2ed -> Left & Right Lungs -> Left Atrium Oxygenated -> Left Ventricle -> Rest of body Oxygenated
Oxygen Uptate (VO_2)
Amount of O_2 used by the tissues of the body.
VO_2 is related to the heart & circulatory system’s ability to transport O_2.
VO_2 Fick Equation
VO_2 = Q * a-vO_2
Maximal Oxygen Uptake
(VO_2max) is the highest amount of O_2 that can be used at the cellular level.
Average Resting Person: 3.5 ml/kg*min
Elite Endurance Athletes: 80 ml/kg*min
Oxygen Extraction during exercise
Resting 20ml O / 100ml blood. Return 14ml O/100ml blood
High 20ml O/100ml blood. Return 4ml O/100ml blood.
