Chapter 1: Structure & Function of the Muscular, Nervous, & Skeletal Systems

Question 1

Muscular System Types: Types of muscles

Answer 1

Smooth(GI Tract), Cardiac (Heart), Skeletal (Attach to Bones)

Question 2

Muscle Parts Name Break Down: Three Parts, each within another.

Answer 2

Whole Muscle: Epimysium
Fascicle: Perimysium
Muscle Fiber: Endomysium
(fig1)

Question 3

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: Five part

Answer 3

Sarcolemma, Multi-Nucleated, Sarcoplasm, Mitochondria, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Question 4

Sarcolemma

Answer 4

Plasma membrane surrounding each muscle fiber.

Regulates movement of materials in/out of cell.

Action Potentials*

Question 5

Multi-Nucleated

Answer 5

Contain DNA - Initiate physical adaptations

Question 6

Sarcoplasm

Answer 6

Cytoplasm of muscle cells

Question 7

Mitochondria

Answer 7

Site of aerobic ATP production

Question 8

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 8

Stores calcium and regulates the muscle action process

Question 9

Myofibril

Answer 9

Is a bundle of myofilaments.

There are two kinds:

Myosin (Thick):
(red golf club shaped fiber)
-Head, Neck, Tail

Actin (Thin):
(Green ball looking fiber)
-Tropomyosin
-Troponin
-Troponin + Calcium = Tropomyosin moves away from myosic binding sites.

Question 10

Sarcomere

Answer 10

Basic unit of muscle.

Z-line to Z-line

Five Parts:
-A Band: Width of myosin
-H Zone: Myosin; no Actin
-M Line: Aligns Myosin
-I Band: Between two sarcomeres; only action.

Question 11

Neuromuscular Junction

Answer 11

NJ

Where muscle fibers receive stimulus from the nervous system.

Structures:
-Axon
-Motor Endplate
-Synaptic Cleft

Question 12

Sliding Filament Theory

Question 13

Types of Muscle Actions

Answer 13

Isometric, Concentric, Eccentric

Question 14

Isometric

Answer 14

Muscle Force = Resistance, Muscle remains the same

Holding Weight

Question 15

Concentric

Answer 15

Muscle Force > Resistance, Muscle Shortens.

Curling in

Question 16

Eccentric

Answer 16

Muscle Force < Resistance, Muscle Lengthens

Curling out

“Negative Rep”
“Can be used to get clients to come back as it’ll create a very SORE feeling.”

Question 17

Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)

Answer 17

Is Soreness resulting from connective and muscle tissue damage.

Eccentric movements tend to lead to a greater amount of DOMS.

DOMS is not indicative of a good workout. Soreness isn’t a necessity but..

This is a good way to sell yourself as a good PT, people may think you gave them a good workout if they come out of it sore.

Question 18

Muscle Fiber Types

Answer 18

Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx.

Type I: Long Distance, Slow Twitch, smallest muscle size

Type IIa: Fast Twitch Oxydative, 400m / 800m. Largest Muscle fiber size.

Type IIx or b: Fast Twitch Glycolytic, Short Sprints.

Question 19

The Nervous System

Answer 19

Motor Cortex controls the muscular system. (middle horizontal path along brain.) Connects to Medulla Oblongate to CNS pathways which are located in spinal cord segment that connects to nerve which finally touches somatic motor pathway then muscle.

Question 20

Parts of the Nervous System

Answer 20

Central Nervous System (CNS), Periphereal Nervous System (PNS).

CNS: Brain & Spinal Cord

PNS: relay impulses from CNS to rest of body and vice-versa.

Autonomic - Involuntary

Somatic - Voluntary

Question 21

Neuron (Nerve Cell): Three types and function

Answer 21

Motor Neuron, Sensory Neuron, Synapse.

Motor Neuron:
-Conducts impulses from the CNS to muscles.
- Causes muscle to contract.

Sensory Neuron:
-Carry impulse from the periphery toward the CNS.
-Tension, stretch, movement, pain, etc.

Synapse:
-Site of communication between two neurons or a neuron and a gland or muscle cell.
-Neuromuscular Junction: Synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.

Question 22

Sensory Neurons

Answer 22

Muscle Spindle, Golgi Tendon Organ.

Muscle Spindle: Stretch receptor dispersed through most skeletal muscle. Sense different changes to the muscle length, when stretched in a certain way, rapidly a stretch flex occurs and contracts the muscle to prevent injury.

Gogli Tendon Organ: Senses change in muscle tension, when force exceeds muscle potential relaxes working muscle and activates the antagonist muscle to protect body.

Question 23

Motor Unit (MU)

Answer 23

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates. All fibers within a MU are the same fiber type. MU may very in the number of fibers innervated.

Question 24

Gradation of Force

Answer 24

Motor Unit Recruitment, Rate Coding, & Size Principle.

MUR: NS varies the number of motor units (muscle fibers) that are activated.

RC: Increase the firing rate of motor units already activated.

SP: Order of activation: Type I -> Type IIa -> Type IIx

Question 25

Skeletal System

Answer 25

Muscles act upon the bones, bones act upon the joints.

Functions: Movement, mineral Storage (Ca, P), Red Blood Cells formation, Organ Protection.

Organization:
-Axial Skeleton: Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs
-Appendicular Skeleton: Upper and Lower Limbs.

Question 26

Osteoporosis & Exercise

Answer 26

Bones go under remodeling:
-Osteoclasts: Breakdown
-Osteoblasts: Build

Osteoporosis:
-Bones become weak and brittle.
-Causes: Poor Nutrition, Lack of Exercise.
-resistance training increases bone mineral density.