Chapter 11: Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods

Question 1

Acromegaly

Answer 1

An effect of HGH after puberty once linear growth has stopped, disfiguring disease characterized by a widening of bones, arthritis, organ enlargement, and metabolic abnormalities.

Question 2

Anabolic Steroid

Answer 2

Synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone. Elevations stimulate protein synthesis, resulting in improvements in muscle size, body mass, and strength.

They are also referred to as Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids, androgens, androgenic steroids, anabolic steroids.

Question 3

B-agonists

Answer 3

(Synthetic B-Adrenergic Agonists)

Chemically related to eminephrine,

Question 4

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)

Answer 4

Of the 8 EAAs Isoleucine, Leucine, and Valine are responsible for increasing muscle protein synthesis. With Leucine being key to the three.

These are called the BCAAs

Question 5

Dietary supplement

Question 6

Ergogenic Aid

Answer 6

Can be any substance, mechanical aid, or training method that improves sport performance, BUT in this chapter is saved for describing pharmacologic aids.

Increases in lean mass and decreases in stored fat.

Medical: Used to prevent asthma

Drug: Clenbuterol

Question 7

Ergolytic

Answer 7

An effect that in some way reduces performance.

Question 8

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 8

a protein hormone produced in the kidneys and stimulates the production of new red blood cells.

Medical: Useful for anemic patients, can improve quality of life.

Lance Armstrong admitted to this.

injections see hematocrit and hemoglobin increases.

aerobic capacity: 6-8%, time to exhaustion improved 17%

Question 9

Essential Amino Acids

Answer 9

Are not produced within the body and must be obtained through the diet. High levels of EAAs can be found in animal-based proteins or in supplements sold over the counter. Leucine can also be found in plants (spinache broccoli) but the amount of minimal when compared to animals.

Needed to stimulate protein synthesis. But later found BCAAs are the three that are needed.

[8 total EAAs]Isoleucine, leucine, valine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and tryptophan.

Question 10

Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

Answer 10

Aprotein secreted from the pituitary gland, several important physiological functions that enhance ergogenic effect.

Anabolic due to its stimulation of bone and skeletal muscle growth, but also has important metabolic functions such as maintaining blood glucose levels, increasing uptake of glucose and amino acids into muscle cells.

Humatrope, Nutropin, Norditropin, Genotropin, serostim, saizen, and protropin are brand names of HGH in USA.

Cannot be detected via pee test but blood test can detect it.

Must be inject due to it being metabolism via oral ingestion.

Question 11

Lipolysis

Question 12

Muscle Buffering Capacity (MBC)

Answer 12

During high intensity anaerobic exercise accumulation of hydrogen ions is coupled with reduction of pH within skeletal muscle which has been shown to adversely affect performance.

One’s ability to regulate H+ concentration in skeletal muscle during high-intensity exercise has been termed MBC.

Strong positive relationship between MBC and exercise performance. (B-alanine, sodium bicarbonate, or citrate)

Question 13

Muscle Dysmorphia

Answer 13

Reverse anorexia nervous, where ergogenic substances are used to increase figure. This is why steroid issues mainly appear in body builders.

Question 14

Random Drug Tests

Question 15

Stacking

Answer 15

Taking multiple different anabolic substances at the same time to have overlapping effects. This is the average case for steroid users normally have 3 different anabolic during a cycle.

Question 16

Thermogenesis

Answer 16

Thermal effect from within the body. This is often elevated when digesting food.

Question 17

Vasodilation

Answer 17

The widening of blood vessels. Often associated with Nitric oxide, Arginine but does not support vasodilation like it’s marketed to.

Question 18

Ergogenic

Answer 18

Intended to enhance physical performance, stamina, or recovery.

(Performance-Enhancing)

Question 19

Testosterone

Answer 19

Is an androgen (sex hormone) and is the pirmary hormone that interacts with skeletal muscle tissue.

Elevations stimulate protein synthesis, resulting in improvements in muscle size, body mass, and strength.

Test devlopes male secondary sex characteristics (increase in body hair, masculine voice, bald, libido, sperm production, and aggressiveness)

Question 20

Hypogonadal

Answer 20

When the sex glands (gonads) produce little to no hormones.

Question 21

Testosterone Precursors (Prohormones)

Answer 21

Are precursors to the synthesis of other hormones and are theorized to increase the body’s ability to produce a given specific hormone.

Substances (Androstenedione, androstenediol, dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA])

Controlled Substance

Limited results for body building but increased risk for debuffs of anabolics

Question 22

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Answer 22

Is a hormone obtained from the placenta of a pregnant women. Often given to overweight women in attempt to lose weight, no meaningful effect has been found.

Question 23

Insulin

Answer 23

Secreted by the pancreas in response to elevations in blood glucose or specific amino acid concentrations.

It’s role is to facilitate the uptake of glucose and amino acids into the cell.

Due to it increasing protein synthesis, it is considered an anabolic hormone.

consuming carbs postworkout suppresses muscle protein breakdown via the anticatabolic effects of insulin.

Question 24

B-Blockers

Answer 24

Block the adrenergic receptors, preventing the catecholamines from binding.

This is often used by cardiologists for a wide variety of treatment of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension.

Ergogenic benefit is their ability to reduce anxiety and tremors during performance.

Risks: bronchospasm, heart failure, prolonged hypoglycemia, bradycardia, heart block, and intermittent claudication

Question 25

Arginine

Answer 25

Marketed to aid in blood flow via activating vasodilation but this is not true. Claims of this stem from the connection between nitric oxide doing this within the body but obtaining this orally has not been seen to affect vasodilation.

No adverse effects at 6-13gs.

Question 26

B-Hydroxy-B-Methylbutyrate (HMB)

Answer 26

Derivative EAA leucine & metabolite a-ketoisocaproic acid.

Evidence shows that HMB stimulates protein synthesis and decreases protein breakdown by inhibiting the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.

May be an effective supplement for minimizing losses of lean muscle mass in situations that promote a catabolic state.

Insane if stuck in catabolic state, elders lost .17kg w/ HMB compared to 2.05kg

Suppress muscle damage & muscle protein breakdown, v effective for people beginning a new training program. Less conclusive for trained individuals.

3-6g, no known adverse effects.

Question 27

B-Alanine

Answer 27

BETA LEANNNN

Related to Muscle Buffering Capacity (MBC)

non EAA, found in chicken. rate-limiting substrate for carnosine synthesis. Carnosine is found in fast-twich (typeII) skeletal muscle and is estimated to contribute up to 40% of skeletal MBC of H+.

No notable strength gains but endurances has been seen to increase.

Adverse: Short term paresthesia (tingling in body)

Question 28

Sodium Bicarbonate

Answer 28

Increases pH of blood pulling out H+ of muscles. Supplementing w/ sodium bicarbonate has been shown to improve MBC and in turn high-intensity exercise performance.

Can cause cramping nausea and vomiting if too much is ingested but too little shows no benefit.

Question 29

Sodium Citrate

Answer 29

Often taken alongside sodium bicarbonate, has a similar process. Increases pH.

Question 30

Ephedrine

Answer 30

Thermogenic supplement or drug that elevates basal metabolic rate. Often used as a stacking agent alongside caffeine to enhance the thermogenic effect. Studies often show it’s only effective when taken with caffeine.

Found in a plant called ma huang, often called this.

Banned by the FDA 2004.

Tons of adverse side effects.

Question 31

Citrus Aurantium

Answer 31

Fruit, commonly known as bitter orange and is often used as an Asian herbal medicine to treat digestive problems.

Also is a mild stimulant and is thought to contribute to appetite suppression and increased metabolic rate and lipolysis.

Stacking with caffeine and other herbal products significant improvements in time to fatigue have been reported.

Contains synephrine, a sympathomimetic agent, which some have suggested stimulates specific beta adrenergic receptors that in turn stimulate fat metabolism without any of the debuff from other adrenergic receptor stimulators.