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VCE PE Units 3/4 > Chapter 2 - Biomechanics > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What are kinetics?

A

The study of forces that cause motion

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2
Q

What are Kinematics?

A

Is the description of the motion

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3
Q

Linear motion

A

Is motion that occurs either in a straight line or curved path

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4
Q

Angular motion

A

Takes place when a body moves along a circular path

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5
Q

Mass

A

Is the quantity of matter found within a particular body

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6
Q

Inertia

A

Is the resistance of a body to a change in its state of motion

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7
Q

Velocity

A

Is the rate of the speed an object moves its position

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8
Q

Force

A

Is the product of mass and acceleration

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9
Q

Force summation

A
  • Is the correct timing and sequencing of body segments and muscles through a range of motion
  • Ex. Throwing a javelin requires maximum force
  • Ex. Putting in golf requires sub-maximal force
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10
Q

Momentum

A

Is the product of mass and velocity
- Ex. A body with greater mass moving faster will have greater momentum than a lighter object moving slower
Formula: momentum (p) = mass (m) × velocity (v)

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11
Q

Conservation of momentum

A
  • When two things collide, the combined momentum of two things stays the same
  • Ex. Ten pin bowling, the momentum of the bowling ball and the pins when combined are the same pre and post-collision
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12
Q

Angular momentum

A
  • Is greater if the mass is larger and the further the mass will be distributed
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13
Q

Simultaneous force summation

A
  • Is the use of multiple body parts at the same time to produce force
  • Ex. A sprinter sprinting off the blocks
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14
Q

Sequential force summation

A
  • Is the activation of body parts that are used in sequence to produce force
  • Ex. A high jumper
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15
Q

Moment of Inertia

A

Is a measure of an object’s resistance to change in its rate of rotation

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16
Q

Newton’s first law

A

Law of inertia
- Objects will stay at rest or continue to travel in the same direction at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced force
- Ex. A ball will not move unless a force (foot) is acted upon it resulting in it travelling a distance

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17
Q

Newton’s second law

A

Law of acceleration
- The acceleration of an object is dependent on the amount of force acting upon the mass of the object
- Ex. Hitting a ball with a cricket bat, then hitting a bowling ball with a cricket bat. Distances will vary based on the mass of the object being hit

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18
Q

Newton’s third law

A

Law of action reaction
- For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
- Ex. A roller bladder pushing off another roller bladder, when there is force by one side, there will be opposite and equal force by the other side, causing each side to move in opposite directions
Ex. Pushing off the blocks in a 100m sprint, pushing into there blocks the blocks push back

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19
Q

Impulse
I = force x time

A
  • Is the product of force and time
  • The greater the impulse, the greater the momentum generated
  • Ex. A discuss thrower using a standing throw, compared to someone using a full spin prior to release.
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20
Q

Linear distance

A

Is the total distance covered by an object

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21
Q

Linear displacement

A

Is the difference between the initial position and final position of an object

22
Q

Difference between linear distance and displacement

A

When a swimmer starts at one end of the pool and swims up and back, the distance travelled is 100m and the displacement is 0m. This is because they start and end at the same spot

23
Q

Angular distance and displacement

A

Ex. If we were to run around a track, our angular distance would be 360 degrees, but our displacement would be zero, as we have reached the same starting point again (like drawing a circle)

24
Q

Angular distance

A

Is the total of all angular changed that result from an object or body part angle between the starting and finishing position

25
Q

First class lever

A
  • The resistance and the force are on either side of the axis
    Ex. A see-saw
26
Q

Second class lever

A
  • The resistance is between the force and the axis
    Ex. A wheelbarrow
27
Q

Third class lever

A
  • The force is between the resistance and the axis
  • These are the most commonly used levers in the human body
    Ex. A bicep curl
28
Q

Projectile motion

A
  • As soon as an object or body is released into the air, it becomes a projectile and is automatically under the influence of two external forces, gravity and air resistance
  • Air resistance = Acts horizontally on a projectile as it moves through the air
  • Drag forces are created which force the projectile to slow down and reduce flight time and distance
29
Q

Factors affecting projectile motion

A
  • Velocity
  • Mass
  • Gravity
  • Shape
  • Surface area
  • Nature of surface area
30
Q

AF - Velocity

A

The higher the velocity, the greater the air resistance

31
Q

AF - Mass

A

The lower the mass the greater the air resistance

32
Q

AF - Shape

A

The more streamlined the objects will experience less air resistance
- Ex. A torpedo in football is going to go further then a drop punt because its shape is less wind resistant

33
Q

AF - Gravity

A

Pulls the object to the ground, acting as a vertical force

34
Q

AF - Surface area

A

The greater the surface area exposed to the air, the greater the air resistance
- Ex. Badminton shuttle

35
Q

AF - Nature of surface area

A

Smooth surfaces decrease drag and are less affected by air resistance.
- Ex. Cyclist wears lycra as it is less windy effected

36
Q

Speed of release

A
  • Force applied to the projectile will have a large impact on its motion
  • The greater the force = greater speed, further it will travel
37
Q

Angle of release

A
  • In most sporting situations where maximal distance is desired, there needs to be an optimal release angle (45 degrees)
  • Equipment can be used to alter the release angle
    Ex. 3-iron golf club has a release angle of 23deg while a sand-wedge has a release angle of 55deg
38
Q

Height of release

A
  • If the angle and speed of the object are constant, an object released from a higher point will travel further.
  • A taller athlete who naturally releases a ball when throwing would therefore have an advantage over a shorter athlete.
  • Ex. A tennis serve
39
Q

Equilibrium

A
  • When all forces are balanced
  • An object in equilibrium is either motionless or moving with a constant velocity (no acceleration)
  • Stastic equilibrium
  • Dynamic equilibrium
40
Q

Stastic equilibrium

A

The state in which a body has zero velocity and zero acceleration

41
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Is the state in which a body is in motion with a constant velocity

42
Q

Stability and balance

A
  • Stability is the degree to which a body can resist change in its current state of equilibrium
  • Balance is the ability to control the state of equilibrium
43
Q

Static balance

A
  • A person being able to control their body position while stationary
    Ex. Ballet
44
Q

Dynamic balance

A

A person being able to control their body position while moving
Ex. Playing netball

45
Q

Factors affecting stability

A
  • Body Mass
  • Friction
  • Base of support
  • Centre of Gravity (COG)
  • Location of COG
46
Q

AF - Body mass

A

The greater the mass of an object or body, the greater the force required to move it
(Newtons 2nd Law)

47
Q

AF - Friction

A

Increasing friction between the body and the surface it is in contact with increases stability of the body

48
Q

AF - Base of support

A

The larger the base of support, the greater the stability of an object

49
Q

AF - Centre of gravity (COG)

A
  • The COG is the point around which the body’s weight is evenly balanced and distributed, regardless of the position of the body
  • Can be moved by simply moving body parts
    Ex. Rugby players will lean forward as they move towards an opposition
50
Q

AF - Location of COG

A
  • The COG of a perfectly symmetrical object that has constant density and mass and uniform weight distribution will be in the exact centre of the object.
    Ex. Sumo wrestler has there centre of gravity over the centre of their body, will allow greater balance
51
Q

Tips for increasing stability and balance

A
  • Lowering an objects centre of gravity
  • Ensuring the line of gravity is over the base of support
  • Increasing the size of the base of support
  • Increasing friction between two or more bodies
  • Increasing the mass of an object
  • Extending the base of support in the direction from which a force is coming
52
Q

Tips for reducing stability and balance to promote agility

A
  • Raising an objects COG
  • Shifting the line of gravity outside the base of support
  • Narrowing the base of support
  • Decreasing the friction between two or more bodies
  • Decreasing the mass of an object

VCE PE Units 3/4 (13 decks)

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