Chapter 2 Flashcards
Which theory of development emphasized unconscious drives and early experiences, and which emphasized understanding how a person thinks?
a. Cognitive theory emphasized unconscious drives and early experiences, whereas psychoanalytic theory emphasized understanding how a person thinks.
b. Behaviorism emphasized unconscious drives and early experiences, whereas psychoanalytic theory emphasized understanding how a person thinks.
c. Psychoanalytic theory emphasized unconscious drives and early experiences, whereas behaviorism emphasized understanding how a person thinks.
d. Psychoanalytic theory emphasized unconscious drives and early experiences, whereas cognitive theory emphasized understanding how a person thinks.
d. Psychoanalytic theory emphasized unconscious drives and early experiences, whereas cognitive theory emphasized understanding how a person thinks.
Learning as defined in behaviorism is _____ the general definition of learning.
a. more comprehensive than
b. the same as
c. the opposite of
d. more narrow than
a. more comprehensive than
For centuries, men have needed women to be sexually faithful to ensure that her children are also his offspring. Which theory is consistent with this explanation for faithfulness among romantic partners?
a. behaviorism
b. sociocultural theory
c. evolutionary theory
d. humanism
c. evolutionary theory
Sally is helping her mom make a cake. Her mom helps Sally pick out the right ingredients, measure them, and mix them together. According to Vygotsky, Sally is engaging in:
a. operant conditioning
b. guided participation
c. her zone of proximal development
d. selective adaptation
c. her zone of proximal development
Approaches to toilet training have changed over time. At one point it was suggested that parents toilet-train whenever they wished, using reinforcement as part of the training. This view is consistent with:
a. information processing theory
b. psychoanalytic theory
c. behaviorism
d. cognitive theory
c. behaviorism
Within Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, each of the development stages is characterized by a particular challenge or:
a. developmental conflict
b. conflict negotiation
c. crisis opposition
d. developmental crisis
d. developmental crisis
The approach to cognitive development that focuses on the processes of thought instead of stages is called:
a. learning theory
b. information processing theory
c. cognitive cultural theory
d. accommodation theory
b. information-processing theory
Which psychoanalytic theorist identified unique stages of development from birth through late adulthood?
a. Piaget
b. Erikson
c. Skinner
d. Freud
b. Erikson
One of the reasons that school age children tend to enjoy working on worksheets, or making collections of objects, or practicing their hobby is becasue they are in which of Erikson’s stages:
a. autonomy vs shame
b. initiative vs. guilt
c. trust vs. mistrust
d. industry vs inferiority
d. industry vs. inferiority
Theorists who promote classical conditioning differ from theorists who promote operant conditioning in their beliefs about the source of learned behavior. Which of these statements is true:
a. Classical conditioning theorists emphasize observing another person’s actions, whereas operant conditioning theorists emphasize past reinforcement.
b. Classical conditioning theorists emphasize the association between one stimulus and another, whereas operant conditioning theorists emphasize past reinforcement.
c. Classical conditioning theorists emphasize the association between one stimulus and another, whereas operant conditioning theorists emphasize observing another person’s actions.
d. Classical conditioning theorists emphasize past reinforcement, whereas operant conditioning theorists emphasize the association between one stimulus and another.
b. Classical conditioning theorists emphasize the association between one stimulus and another, whereas operant conditioning theorists emphasize past reinforcement.
The process by which a response becomes linked to a particular consequence is called:
a. cognition
b. psychoanalysis
c. operant conditioning
d. observational learning
c. operant conditioning
_____ has/have shown the effect that immediate response, associations, and examples have on learning, moment by moment and over time.
a. Sociocultural Theories
b. Psychoanalytic theories
c. Behaviorism
d. Cognitive theories
c. Behaviorism
A state of mental balance in which people are not confused because they can use their existing thought processes to understand current experience and ideas is called:
a. conflict resolution
b. cognitive equilibrium
c. social learning
d. information processing
b. cognitive equilibrium
Vygotsky used the term _______ to describe the method used by parents, teachers, and entire societies to teach novices the skills and habits expected within their culture:
a. zone of proximal development
b. selective adaptation
c. apprenticeship in thinking
d. guided participation
d. guided participation
Any consequence that follows a behavior and makes the person more likely to repeat that behavior is called a(n):
a. observation
b. punishment
c. condition
d. reinforcement
d. reinforcement
Observational learning is also called ____;
a. cognition
b. classical conditioning
c. modeling
d. operant conditioning
c. modeling
Sally has a dog at home, so she knows about dogs. She is walking down the street and see’s an animal walking toward her. The animal has four legs, fur, a tail, and is barking. Sally knows that these are characteristics of a dog, given her knowledge of dogs. She quickly concludes that this animal is a dog. This example illustrates the Piagetian concept of :
a. operations
b. assimilation
c. equilibrium
d. accommodation
b. assimilation
The foundation of psychoanalytic theory is:
a. a person’s ideas and beliefs
b. observations that individuals make about their environments
c. observable behaviors
d. inner drives, deep motives, and unconscious needs
d. inner drives, deep motive, and unconscious needs
The boss praised his hourly employees for their good work. The boss hopes that the praise encourages the employees to continue to work hard. In this example the reinforcement is:
a. the boss
b. an hourly wage
c. the employee’s good work
d. the boss’s praise
d. the boss’s praise
