Chapter 2 Flashcards
what works together to create human movement system?
nervous, skeletal, and muscular system.
what are the two parts of the nervous system and what do they do?
the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Senses an internal and external environment, collects info and interprets it to send back to the body so it can act accordingly
what is the central nervous system?
the part of the nervous system that is responsible for being the primary decision maker for the body
what is the peripheral nervous system and what does it do?
the PNS is made up of all of the nerves that extend from the CNS
and then acts as a messenger sending signals to and from the CNS
neurons are comprised of which three parts
cell body, axon, dendrites
what is the functional unit of the nervous system?
neuron
what are sensitive to changes in tensions and the rate of that change, protecting a muscle from possible injury?
muscle spindles
ie: sensing muscular length activating the muscle spindle causing the muscle to contract to avoid excessive tension or stretching
In the endocrine system, which of the following secretes hormones such as corticosteroids and catecholamines in response to stress?
thyroid gland
what sensory receptor will encourage a muscle to relax when excited?
golgi tendon organ, the muscle relaxes to avoid excessive tension
Which of the following is made up of the upper and lower extremities as well as the shoulder and pelvic girdles and encompasses approximately 126 bones?
the appendicular system
What are responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues through stretch, pressure and touch, and are located in muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules?
mechanoreceptors
Which term refers to a system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate a variety of bodily functions and consists of host organs, chemical messengers, and target cells?
the endocrine system
The body’s ability to differentiate between walking on concrete and walking on sand is an example of which of the following functions of the nervous system?
sensory
Which of the following glands releases growth hormone during childhood up until puberty?
pituitary gland
What is the main characteristic of motor (efferent) neurons?
they stimulate muscle contraction and create movemement
which of the following is not a characteristic of (type 2) fast twitch muscle fibers?
slow to fatigue
which of the muscle fibers are most smaller in size, more mitochondrially dense, and receive the most oxygen?
type I
Which of the following neurons transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as the muscles and organs) to the brain or spinal cord?
sensory (afferent) neurons
what is skeletal muscle?
enables us to move and control that movement through joints
what are the two subdivisions of skeletal muscles
type I (slow twitch), type II (fast twitch)
what is the main characteristic of slow twitch muscles
type I muscles are more resistant to fatigue for endurance purposes
what is the main characteristic of fast twitch muscles
type II muscles contract quickly to generate more power
what are the two major functions for muscles
- leverage for muscles
2. provide support and effect posture
what is the function of a sensory neuron?
receive information from the bodies environment and send it to the central nervous system
what is the function of an interneuron?
carry and interpret information between the sensory and motor neurons
what is the function of motor neurons?
send messages from the muscles to the brain and then to the effector sites, to provide a desired motor response (movement)
what is the agonist?
prime mover, usually large muscles
what is the antagonist?
works opposite of the agonist, (prime mover). Gets in the way and decelerates the agonist movement
what is the synergist muscle?
assist the prime mover. Can be negative if the agonist muscle becomes to fatigued, the synergist muscle/ s will take over and can cause bad form/ injury
what is a stabilizer muscle?
prevents unwanted motion or bad form by stabilizing the prime mover
what term refers to the motion of a joint?
arthrokinematics
what are the fibrous connective tissues that connect bone to bone and provide static and dynamic stability as well as input to the nervous system referred to?
ligaments
according to sliding filament theory, when does muscular contraction occur?
actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, shortening the entire sarcomere
what is produced primarily in the ovaries in the female and in small amounts in the adrenal glands in males?
estrogen
which of the following consists of a series of irregularly shaped bones divided into five different categories depending on where they are located in the backbone?
vertebral column
which of the following catabolic hormone secreted by the adrenal glands and serves to maintain energy supply through the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and protein?
cortisol
what is true of type I, slow twitch muscle fibers?
they contain more capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin than type II muscle fibers
what is a characteristic of joint receptors in the human body?
they respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of joints
which systems accomplish human movement through their functional integration>
muscular, nervous, and skeletal systems
which gland produces the hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help prepare the body for activity and for the fight or fight response?
adrenal glands
where is insulin and glucagon secreted and what is its purpose?
the pancreas; regulate blood glucose for use by all bodily cells for energy production
