Chapter 2

Question 1

Human movement

Answer 1

The kinetic chain (human movement system) is made up of three primary systems. The skeletal system (bones and joints), the muscular system (ligaments, tendons, muscles, and fascia) and the nervous system (peripheral and central nerves).

Question 2

Nervous system

Answer 2

One of the primary organ systems in the body. Is a combination of billions of cells that communicate with one another in a network within the body. The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the spinal cord and brain. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves that connect the spinal cord and brain to the rest of the human body.

Question 3

Sensory function

Answer 3

The ability of the nervous system to notice changes in their external or internal environment. This is one of the three main functions of the nervous system.

Question 4

Integrative function

Answer 4

The ability that the nervous system has to interpret and analyze sensory information. This allows for adequate decision-making and producing the correct response.

Question 5

Motor function

Answer 5

This is the neuromuscular (Muscular and nervous system) response to sensory information. For example your body’s response by muscular contraction when you touch burning hot metal.

Question 6

Proprioception

Answer 6

his is the cumulative sensory input to the CNS (Central nervous system) from all of the various mechanoreceptors that can sense limb movement and body position. Proprioception training improves coordination, posture, and balance.

Question 7

Neuron

Answer 7

This is the functional unit of the nervous system. The nervous system is made up of billions of neurons. This allows it to communicate outside with the environment as well as internally with itself. Transmit impulses through chemical and electrical signals. They form the core of the spinal cord, brain and peripheral ganglia that make up the nervous system. has three main parts: Cell body, axon, and dendrites.

Question 8

Sensory neurons (afferent)

Answer 8

This is a type of nerve cell that conducts impulses to the central nervous system from a sense organ.

Question 9

Interneurons

Answer 9

send nerve in pulses between one another.

Question 10

Motor neurons (efferent)

Answer 10

This is a type of nerve cell that sends impulses to glands, muscles and other effectors. Stimulates muscle contraction to initiate movement.

Question 11

Central nervous system

Answer 11

made up of your brain and spinal cord

Question 12

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 12

system branches out from your central nervous system to connect it with the rest of your body.

Question 13

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 13

Specialized receptors that respond to pressure inside of tissues and transmit signals through sensory nerves. These respond to forces such as motion, sound waves, pressure, stretching and touch. It can sense the various distortions in the human body.

Question 14

Muscle spindles

Answer 14

These are sensory receptors that sit parallel to muscular fibers. These special spindles are able to detect the length of a muscle and how fast it changes length. This helps to regulate the contraction of muscles by way of the stretch reflex mechanism. Its purpose is to help prevent and protect over stretching that could lead to muscular damage.

Question 15

Golgi tendon organs

Answer 15

type of specialized sensory receptor. They are found where tendons attached to skeletal muscular fibers. These receptors can sense the change in muscular tension and the rate that this tension changes. When you activate it it will cause a muscle to relax. This is to help prevent injury from excess stress and contraction.

Question 16

Joint receptors

Answer 16

These receptors are located around the joint capsule. They respond to acceleration, deceleration, and pressure at the joint. They are able to sense extreme joint positions and send signals in order to prevent injuries

Question 17

Skeletal system

Answer 17

his is the body’s framework that is comprised of joints and bones. It provides the focus and shapes for bodies. It also creates blood for the human body and stores minerals. The functionality, growth, and maturation can be affected by activity, nutrition, and posture.

Question 18

Bones

Answer 18

Provide protection for vital organs and a resting place for muscles

Question 19

Joints

Answer 19

These are the junctions for muscles, bones and connective tissues where movement occurs. It is also known as articulation

Question 20

Axial skeleton

Answer 20

The area of the skeletal system that contains the rib cage, skull, and vertebral column. It consists of 80 bones

Question 21

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 21

This is the area of the skeletal system that consists of the lower and upper extremities. The legs, arms, appendages. This contains 126 bones.

Question 22

Remodeling

Answer 22

This is the process of formation and resorption of bone. Is the process where the older bone is broken down and taken away by osteoclasts and new bone is made to replace it with cells called osteoblasts

Question 23

Osteoclasts

Answer 23

The cells that help remove bone tissue

Question 24

Osteoblasts

Answer 24

The cells that help create new bone tissue

Question 25

Epiphysis

Answer 25

located at the end of long bones and a place that contains a large portion of red marrow involved in the production of red blood cells. This is one of the main locations for bone growth.

Question 26

Diaphysis

Answer 26

This is the long portion of the bone that is considered the shaft. It is much more compact and strong

Question 27

Epiphyseal plate

Answer 27

This is the area of the long bone that connects the epiphysis to the diaphysis. This is a dividing layer of cartilage in cells that grow lengthwise to create the diaphysis.

Question 28

Periosteum

Answer 28

This is the dense and fibrous outer layer where muscles attach and a more delicate layer inside that can create bone

Question 29

Medullary Cavity

Answer 29

This is the location where bone marrow is stored and where blood cell formation happens. Is a small cavity that is located in the shaft of the bone

Question 30

Articular Cartilage (Hyaline)

Answer 30

This is the inelastic, flexible yet firm type of connective tissue that is located at the end of bones at the joint

Question 31

Depressions

Answer 31

These are flat areas of a bone.

Question 32

Processes

Answer 32

This is a part of the bone where ligaments in muscle attach.

Question 33

Vertebral column

Answer 33

Made up of 24 bones that create the spinal column. There are 5 lumbar, 12 thoracic and 7 cervical.

Question 34

Arthrokinematics

Answer 34

This is the description of joint surfaces when bones are put through a range of motion.

Question 35

Synovial joints

Answer 35

These are joined bones that have a fibrous joint capsule. These joints produce synovial fluid that kind of looks like egg whites to protect the joints. Approximately eighty percent of joints in the human body are synovial joints

Question 36

Non-synovial joints

Answer 36

These are joints that are non-movable and exclude the joint cartilage, capsule, and ligaments. Mostly found in the distal joint of the fibula and tibia as well as the skull.

Question 37

Ligaments

Answer 37

This is what connects bones to other bones and helps joint support

Question 38

Muscular system

Answer 38

The full collection of all of the muscles in the human body

Question 39

Epimysium

Answer 39

This is the layer of muscular connective tissue on the outside

Question 40

Perimysium

Answer 40

This is the muscular connective tissue in the middle that encompasses the muscle fascicle.

Question 41

Endomysium

Answer 41

The deepest layer of the muscular connective tissue that covers muscle fibers

Question 42

Tendons

Answer 42

Connect skeletal muscles to the bone with a band of white, inelastic, dense and tough band of tissue.

Question 43

Sarcomere

Answer 43

This is the functional unit of a muscle that produces contractions. It is comprised of actin and myosin. This is the repeating section of a muscle.

Question 44

Neural Activation

Answer 44

This is the process of nervous system activation of a muscle fiber by the means of the neuromuscular junction.

Question 45

Motor unit

Answer 45

The motor neuron as well as all of the muscle fiber that it innervates

Question 46

Neurotransmitters

Answer 46

These are small chemical messengers that are able to cross the neuromuscular synapse (junction) in order to transmit these and electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.

Question 47

Type I (slow twitch)

Answer 47

These are also known as endurance fibers. They are smaller, produce less power, receive more oxygen and are more mitochondrial dense.

Question 48

Type II (fast twitch)

Answer 48

These do not have as much endurance, have less oxygen delivery, have short-term contractions, can produce more force and power and are larger than type I fibers.

Question 49

Type IIx

Answer 49

These have a low oxidative capacity and or quick to fatigue

Question 50

Type IIa

Answer 50

These have a higher oxidative capacity and will fatigue slower than type IIx. Another name for these is intermediate fast twitch muscle fibers

Question 51

Agonist

Answer 51

This is the prime mover

Question 52

Synergist

Answer 52

This assists and helps the prime mover

Question 53

Stabilizer muscles

Answer 53

These help with stabilizing the joints and the body during movement

Question 54

Antagonist

Answer 54

These muscles relax in order to permit the prime mover to do its work.