Chapter 2 Flashcards
Human movement
The kinetic chain (human movement system) is made up of three primary systems. The skeletal system (bones and joints), the muscular system (ligaments, tendons, muscles, and fascia) and the nervous system (peripheral and central nerves).
Nervous system
One of the primary organ systems in the body. Is a combination of billions of cells that communicate with one another in a network within the body. The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the spinal cord and brain. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves that connect the spinal cord and brain to the rest of the human body.
Sensory function
The ability of the nervous system to notice changes in their external or internal environment. This is one of the three main functions of the nervous system.
Integrative function
The ability that the nervous system has to interpret and analyze sensory information. This allows for adequate decision-making and producing the correct response.
Motor function
This is the neuromuscular (Muscular and nervous system) response to sensory information. For example your body’s response by muscular contraction when you touch burning hot metal.
Proprioception
his is the cumulative sensory input to the CNS (Central nervous system) from all of the various mechanoreceptors that can sense limb movement and body position. Proprioception training improves coordination, posture, and balance.
Neuron
This is the functional unit of the nervous system. The nervous system is made up of billions of neurons. This allows it to communicate outside with the environment as well as internally with itself. Transmit impulses through chemical and electrical signals. They form the core of the spinal cord, brain and peripheral ganglia that make up the nervous system. has three main parts: Cell body, axon, and dendrites.
Sensory neurons (afferent)
This is a type of nerve cell that conducts impulses to the central nervous system from a sense organ.
Interneurons
send nerve in pulses between one another.
Motor neurons (efferent)
This is a type of nerve cell that sends impulses to glands, muscles and other effectors. Stimulates muscle contraction to initiate movement.
Central nervous system
made up of your brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
system branches out from your central nervous system to connect it with the rest of your body.
Mechanoreceptors
Specialized receptors that respond to pressure inside of tissues and transmit signals through sensory nerves. These respond to forces such as motion, sound waves, pressure, stretching and touch. It can sense the various distortions in the human body.
Muscle spindles
These are sensory receptors that sit parallel to muscular fibers. These special spindles are able to detect the length of a muscle and how fast it changes length. This helps to regulate the contraction of muscles by way of the stretch reflex mechanism. Its purpose is to help prevent and protect over stretching that could lead to muscular damage.
Golgi tendon organs
type of specialized sensory receptor. They are found where tendons attached to skeletal muscular fibers. These receptors can sense the change in muscular tension and the rate that this tension changes. When you activate it it will cause a muscle to relax. This is to help prevent injury from excess stress and contraction.
Joint receptors
These receptors are located around the joint capsule. They respond to acceleration, deceleration, and pressure at the joint. They are able to sense extreme joint positions and send signals in order to prevent injuries
Skeletal system
his is the body’s framework that is comprised of joints and bones. It provides the focus and shapes for bodies. It also creates blood for the human body and stores minerals. The functionality, growth, and maturation can be affected by activity, nutrition, and posture.
Bones
Provide protection for vital organs and a resting place for muscles
Joints
These are the junctions for muscles, bones and connective tissues where movement occurs. It is also known as articulation
Axial skeleton
The area of the skeletal system that contains the rib cage, skull, and vertebral column. It consists of 80 bones
Appendicular skeleton
This is the area of the skeletal system that consists of the lower and upper extremities. The legs, arms, appendages. This contains 126 bones.
Remodeling
This is the process of formation and resorption of bone. Is the process where the older bone is broken down and taken away by osteoclasts and new bone is made to replace it with cells called osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
The cells that help remove bone tissue
Osteoblasts
The cells that help create new bone tissue
Epiphysis
located at the end of long bones and a place that contains a large portion of red marrow involved in the production of red blood cells. This is one of the main locations for bone growth.
Diaphysis
This is the long portion of the bone that is considered the shaft. It is much more compact and strong
Epiphyseal plate
This is the area of the long bone that connects the epiphysis to the diaphysis. This is a dividing layer of cartilage in cells that grow lengthwise to create the diaphysis.
Periosteum
This is the dense and fibrous outer layer where muscles attach and a more delicate layer inside that can create bone
Medullary Cavity
This is the location where bone marrow is stored and where blood cell formation happens. Is a small cavity that is located in the shaft of the bone
Articular Cartilage (Hyaline)
This is the inelastic, flexible yet firm type of connective tissue that is located at the end of bones at the joint
Depressions
These are flat areas of a bone.
Processes
This is a part of the bone where ligaments in muscle attach.
Vertebral column
Made up of 24 bones that create the spinal column. There are 5 lumbar, 12 thoracic and 7 cervical.
Arthrokinematics
This is the description of joint surfaces when bones are put through a range of motion.
Synovial joints
These are joined bones that have a fibrous joint capsule. These joints produce synovial fluid that kind of looks like egg whites to protect the joints. Approximately eighty percent of joints in the human body are synovial joints
Non-synovial joints
These are joints that are non-movable and exclude the joint cartilage, capsule, and ligaments. Mostly found in the distal joint of the fibula and tibia as well as the skull.
Ligaments
This is what connects bones to other bones and helps joint support
Muscular system
The full collection of all of the muscles in the human body
Epimysium
This is the layer of muscular connective tissue on the outside
Perimysium
This is the muscular connective tissue in the middle that encompasses the muscle fascicle.
Endomysium
The deepest layer of the muscular connective tissue that covers muscle fibers
Tendons
Connect skeletal muscles to the bone with a band of white, inelastic, dense and tough band of tissue.
Sarcomere
This is the functional unit of a muscle that produces contractions. It is comprised of actin and myosin. This is the repeating section of a muscle.
Neural Activation
This is the process of nervous system activation of a muscle fiber by the means of the neuromuscular junction.
Motor unit
The motor neuron as well as all of the muscle fiber that it innervates
Neurotransmitters
These are small chemical messengers that are able to cross the neuromuscular synapse (junction) in order to transmit these and electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.
Type I (slow twitch)
These are also known as endurance fibers. They are smaller, produce less power, receive more oxygen and are more mitochondrial dense.
Type II (fast twitch)
These do not have as much endurance, have less oxygen delivery, have short-term contractions, can produce more force and power and are larger than type I fibers.
Type IIx
These have a low oxidative capacity and or quick to fatigue
Type IIa
These have a higher oxidative capacity and will fatigue slower than type IIx. Another name for these is intermediate fast twitch muscle fibers
Agonist
This is the prime mover
Synergist
This assists and helps the prime mover
Stabilizer muscles
These help with stabilizing the joints and the body during movement
Antagonist
These muscles relax in order to permit the prime mover to do its work.
