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Kin 3304 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

There are about how many ….. skeletal muscles that usually work in cooperation with each other to perform opposite actions at the joints they cross

A

215

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2
Q

Muscles work in groups rather than independently to achieve a given joint motion

A

Aggregate muscle action

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3
Q

Muscles also have four other functions… what are they?

A
  1. provide protection
  2. contribute to support & posture
  3. Produce a major portion of body heat
  4. Provide dynamic stability
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4
Q

Muscles are usually named based on their:

A
  1. visual appearance
  2. functions
  3. anatomical locations
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5
Q

True or false: A muscle can be identified by a combination of two or more of these features

A

true

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6
Q

What does maximus and minimus mean? what does longus and brevis mean? what characteristics is this dsecribing?

A

Maximus- large
Minimus - small
Longus- Long
Brevis- short

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7
Q

Visual appearance: Directional fibers: What do the following mean?

Oblique
Rectus
Transverse

A

Oblique- slanting fibers
Rectus - Parallel fibers
Transverse - horizontal fibers

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8
Q

Skeletal muscle is made up of what ? They are stimulated by what when they are contracted?

A

They are made of up individual muscle fibers.; A motor nerve.

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9
Q

Muscle fiber arrangement affects:

A
  1. Muscle’s ability to exert force
  2. Cross-sectional- area
  3. Range through which the muscle can effectively exert force
    4: Longer muscles can shorten through a greater range: move joints through larger range of motion
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10
Q

What are the two major types of fiber arrangements?

A
  1. Parallel & Pennate
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11
Q

Describe the diffrence between parallel and pennate fibers

A

Parallel fibers are fibers that are parallel in length to the muscle. They produce greater movement than simialr sized pennate muscles

Pennate fibers on the other hand are fibers that are shorter and arranged obliquely to their tendons. They have a greater cross sectional area; thus greater power.

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12
Q

The part of the muscle that attaches farthest from the midline or center of the body

A

insertion

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13
Q

The part of the muscle that attaches closest to the midline or center of the body

A

orgin

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14
Q

Fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones and other structures

A

Tendon

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15
Q

Development of tension in a muscle as a result of a stimulus

A

Contraction

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16
Q

There are two types of muscle contraction? What are they?

A

Isotonic and isometric

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17
Q

There are 3 primary things a muscle contraction focuses on?

A

Cause; control; and prevent of a joint movement

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18
Q

What happens during an isometric concentration?

A

During an isometric concentration, muscle tension is being created; however, the joint angles remain constant. In other words, I am holding a weight in a stable condition. I am not moving my arm up or down. Therefore, my muscles are contracting and creating tension and being used to stay in that stable condition

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19
Q

Muscle develops active tension but joint angles remain constant (static contraction)

A

Isometric contraction

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20
Q

There are two types of isotonic contraction? What are they?

A

Eccentric & concentric

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21
Q

Muscle develops active tension to either cause or control joint movements (dynamic stability)

A

isotonic contraction

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22
Q

What is another name for static contraction?

A

isometric contraction

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23
Q

What is another name for dynamic contraction?

A

isotonic contraction

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24
Q

muscle develops active tension as it shortens

A

Concentric contraction

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25
Q

does muscle lengthen or shorten in concentric contraction?

A

shorten

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26
Q

describe the muscle force in concentric contraction

A

The muscle force is greater than resistance. In other words, during concentric contraction, my angle of joint is shortening. I am moving my arm toward my forearm. My backpack wants to fall down to the ground but im using my arm to use greater force to lift my backup up.

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27
Q

muscle lengthens under active tension

Control motion

A

Eccentric contraction

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28
Q

Does muscle lengthen or shorten during eccentric contraction?

A

lengthen

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29
Q

Describe the muscle force in eccentric contraction

A

During eccentric contraction, the muscle force is lesser than the resistance . this is because my arm that was holding the backpack wants the backpack to be put down. In other words, gravity and resistance wants the backpack to be put down; therefore, its gonna work in the direction of external forces. I will have decelerate movement.

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30
Q

Movement may occur at any given joint without any muscle contraction whatsoever

A

Passive movement

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31
Q

Movement at a joint depends upon several factors:

A

Relative contraction or relaxation of muscles acting on the joint
THE MOTOR UNITS ACTIVATED
Joint position at the time of contraction
Planes of motion and axis of rotation possible in the joint
Muscle length

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32
Q

Some agonists may contribute more than others due to relative location, size, length, or force generation capacity; these muscles are called

A

prime movers

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33
Q

AGONIST muscles that contribute significantly less to the joint motion are commonly referred as …..

A

assisters

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34
Q

Example: Elbow Flexion
Agonists:
Assisted by

A

what is the agonists? Biceps brachii

assisters? Brachialis: brachioradialis

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35
Q

Located on the opposite side of joint from the agonist muscles, and have opposite concentric actions

A

antagonist muscles

36
Q

Work in cooperation with agonist muscles by

A

relaxing and allowing

37
Q

Refine movement and prevent undesired motions

Prevent unwanted movements of the agonist muscle, and may also help agonists move the joint in the desired manner

A

synergists

38
Q

Surround the joint or body part and contract to stabilize the area, allowing another body segment to move

A

stabilizer muscles

39
Q

Similar to stabilizers, in that they prevent undesired movements of other muscles

A

neutralizers

40
Q

Neurons consist of three things:

A

cell body
dendrites
axon

41
Q

Dendrites.. what do they do with impulses?

A

dendrites transport impulses to the cell body and neurons

42
Q

Axon

A

transports impulses to the cell body and neurons

43
Q

Basic functional units of the nervous system responsible for generating and transmitting impulses

A

neurons

44
Q

What are the 3 types of neuron?

A

motor, sensory and interneurons

45
Q

What do motor, sensory, and interneurons mean?

A

Motor-transport impulses from the CNS– ( transport impulses away from the CNS)

Sensory- transport impulses to the CNS( transport impulses from the PNS to the CNS)

Interneurons- transports impulses between neurons

46
Q

Nervous system innervates….. within a muscle

A

muscle fibers…

47
Q

True or falseA muscle may be innervated by more than one nerve, and a particular nerve may innervate more than one muscle or portion of a muscle

A

True

48
Q

motor nerve and all the muscle fibers it supplies

A

motor unit

49
Q

There are 5 levels of the CNS… what are they? From highest to lowest

A
  1. Cerebral Cortex
  2. Basal Gangilla
  3. CEREBELLUM
  4. Brain stem
  5. Spinal Cord
50
Q

Aggregates muscle action to create ……

Interprets sensory stimuli to determine needed responses

A

voluntary movement

Cerebral Cortex

51
Q

Controls maintenance of…..
Controls …..
Controls sensory integration for balance and rhythmic activities

A

Postures; equilibrum
Learned movements

Basal gangilla

52
Q

Integrates sensory impulses
Provides feedback relative to motion
Controls timing and intensity of muscle activity to refine movements

A

Cerebellum

53
Q

Integrates all CNS activity through excitation and inhibition of desired neuromuscular functions

A

Brain stem

54
Q

Pathway between CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Spinal cord

55
Q

Provide both motor and sensory function for their respective portions of the body

A

Spinal nerve

56
Q

Mechanism by which body is able to regulate posture and movement

A

Proppriception

57
Q

-Proprioceptors are internal receptors located in the skin, joints, muscles, and tendons that provide feedback relative…

A

provide feedback relative to the tension, length, and contraction state of muscle, the position of the body and limbs, and movements of the joints

58
Q

Proprioceptors work in combination with other sense organs to accomplish …..

A

Kinesthesis

59
Q

What is kinesthesis?

A

Conscious awareness of the position and movement of the body in space

60
Q

Proprioceptors specific to muscles are

A

Muscles spindles

Golgi tendon organs (GTO)

61
Q

Located in …. between the fibers

A

muscle belly

62
Q

Number of spindles within muscle varies depending upon level of control needed-

A

True

63
Q

Tapping the patella tendon causes a quick stretch of the ….., which activates the …

……. neuron sends information via the ……to the spinal cord, where it synapses with a motor neuron
This carries a motor response via its axon
Quadriceps contracts and the knee extends

A

quadriceps; muscle spindle

sensory; axon

64
Q

Located in the tendon near junction with muscle

A

Golgi tendon organs

65
Q

GTO detect tension applied to a tendon as muscles contract
….. neurons conduct information to ……., where they synapse with inhibitory ….. that synapse with motor neurons
Inhibition of the motor neurons causes muscle …. relieving the tension applied to the tendon
GTO also help activate antagonistic muscles

A

Sensory; spinal cord ; interneurons

relaxation

66
Q

single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

A

Motor unit

67
Q

Stimulus produces action potential within the motor unit

A

Threshold Stimulus

68
Q

Stimuli strong enough to produce action potentials in additional motor units

A

Submaximal unit

69
Q

Stimuli strong enough to produce action potentials in all motor units of a particular muscle

A

Maximalii stimuli

70
Q

Brief period of inaction following a stimulus

A

latent period

71
Q

Muscle fiber begins shortening

A

contraction phase

72
Q

How long does the muscle contraction phase last?

A

40 miliseconds

73
Q

Follows the contraction phase

A

relaxation phase

74
Q

how long does the relxation phase last?

A

50 miliseconds

75
Q

Maximal stimulus applied at a frequency allowing complete relaxation between contractions
Slightly greater tension is produced by the ….. stimulus than by the first, and 3rd> 2nd
Only occurs with the first few stimuli

A

second:

Treppe

76
Q

Generates a greater amount of tension than a single contraction would produce individually

A

summation

77
Q

Occurs when the stimuli are provided at a frequency high enough that no relaxation can occur between contractions

A

Tetanus

78
Q

Developed as muscle is stretched beyond it normal resting length

A

Passive tension

79
Q

Also related to muscle length

A

Active tension

80
Q

Describe the muscle length tension relationship

A

Maximal ability of a muscle to develop tension and exert force depends upon muscle length during contraction

81
Q

What is the optimal length to produce greatest tension?

A

100-130%

82
Q

Cross and act directly only on the joint that they cross

A

unarticulr muscle

83
Q

Cross and act on two different joints

A

biarticular muscle

84
Q

Cross and act on three or more joints

A

multiarticular muscle

85
Q

same action at both joints

opposite actions occurring simultaneously at both joints

A

concurrent movement

Countercurrent movement

Kin 3304 (11 decks)

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