Chapter 2

Question 1

Enculturation

Answer 1

The process by which a child learns his or her culture

Question 2

Cultures

Answer 2

Systems of human behavior and thought - obey natural laws, so they can be studied scientifically

Question 3

Symbols

Answer 3

Signs that have no necessary or natural connection with the things for which they stand

Question 4

Culture is shared

Answer 4

Culture is located in and transmitted through groups

Question 5

“Psychic unity of man”

Answer 5

Individuals vary in emotional and intellectual tendencies and capacities

Question 6

Culture is symbolic

Answer 6

Symbolic thought is unique and crucial to cultural learning

Question 7

Culture and nature

Answer 7

Culture takes natural biological urges and teaches us to express them in particular ways

Question 8

Culture is all-encompassing

Answer 8

Culture includes features sometimes regarded as trivial or unworthy of serious study

Question 9

Culture is integrated

Answer 9

Cultures are integrated patterned systems. If one part changes, other parts change

Question 10

Core Values

Answer 10

Key, basic, or central values that integrate a culture

Question 11

Culture is instrumental, adaptive, and maladaptive

Answer 11

Humans have biological and cultural ways of coping with environmental stress

Question 12

Hominid

Answer 12

Member of hominid family; any fossil or living human, chimp, or gorilla

Question 13

Hominins

Answer 13

Hominids excluding the African apes; all the human species that ever have existed

Question 14

Cultures evolutionary basis

Answer 14

Many human traits reflect that our primate ancestors lived in trees

• -> Grasping abilities
• -> Depth and color vision
• -> Large brain
• -> Parental investment

Question 15

Universal

Answer 15

Exists in every culture

Question 16

Generality

Answer 16

Exists in some but not all societies

Question 17

Particularity

Answer 17

Distinctive or unique cultural trait, pattern, or integration

Question 18

Universal Trait

Answer 18

Are the ones that more or less distinguish Homo Sapiens from other species

Question 19

Biological (Universal trait)

Answer 19

A long period of infant dependency, year-round sexuality, and a complex brain

Question 20

Psychological (Universal trait)

Answer 20

Common ways in which humans think, feel, and process information

Question 21

Cultural (Universal trait)

Answer 21

Incest taboo, life in groups and families of some kind

Question 22

Practice Theory

Answer 22

Individuals within society have diverse motives

Question 23

National Culture

Answer 23

Cultural features shared by citizens of the same nation

Question 24

International Culture

Answer 24

Cultural traditions that extend beyond national boundaries

Question 25

Subcultures

Answer 25

Identifiable cultural patterns existing within a larger culture

Question 26

Ethnocentrism

Answer 26

Judging other cultures using one’s own cultural standards

Question 27

Cultural Relativism

Answer 27

To know another culture requires full understanding of its members’ beliefs and motivation

Question 28

Human rights

Answer 28

Rights based on justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions

Question 29

Cultural rights

Answer 29

Rights vested in religious and ethnic minorities and indigenous societies

Question 30

Intellectual property rights (IPR)

Answer 30

An indigenous group’s collective knowledge and its application

Question 31

Diffusion

Answer 31

Borrowing of traits between cutures

Question 32

Independent Invention

Answer 32

Process by which humans innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems