Chapter 2 Flashcards
Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass. Example a chair
3 forms
Solid, liquid and gas
Elements
Substance that cannot be broken down like an Atom
Each element
Consist of only one type of atom, carbon or oxygen.
Cells
Basic unit of life
96% of our body is made up of four elements
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen. (C, O,H &N)
Compound
Atoms of two or more elements, same or different, how together by covalent bonds.
Atoms
Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
Adams are made up of three particles
Proton +
Neutrons no charge
Electrons -
These three gave you a different compound
Protons & neutrons
Are in the nucleus
Electrons
Orbit around the nucleus
Positive and negative
Attract like a magnet
Overall charge
If all or even in there’s no extra charge like a negative or positive it will be a zero charge and will not react with anything
The number of electrons
Equals the number of protons in a neutral Atom, the net charge is zero
Number of neutrons
Equals number of protons
Atomic number
The number of protons
Mass number
Number of protons plus number of neutrons
Isotope
Formed by Changing the number of neutrons
Electrons❓
Orbit nucleus in shells
Innermost max is 2
Outmost max is 8
Outermost shell
The number of electrons in the outer most shell determines the atoms chemical properties.
Full outer shell
Stable no reaction
Non full outer shell
Unstable and reactive
Atoms want
A full stable outer shell
Formation of chemical bonds
Electrons
Octet
Full outer shell to bond together
Chemical bonds
1. Ionic Covalent bonds 2. polar covalent - not equal 3. non polar covalent - equal 4. Hydrogen bonds
The Covalent bonds are
The outermost shell
Ions are formed
By the gain or loss of an electron.
To form a stable outer shell.
Ionic bonds
Attraction I have positive to the negative
Not strong and dissolves in water like salt
Valence electrons
That electrons in the outer shell of an unstable Atom
Covalent bonds
2 or more Atoms share one or more pairs of outershell electrons
Really strong bonds
The number of covalent bonds is
Equal to the number of additional electrons in the Atom needs in the outer shell- stable
The most common bond in a body is
Covalent bonds
Single or double bond
H-H
O=O
Water: H-O-H( with O needs to share two electrons)
Means they’re sharing electron energy makes them positive
Electrons are shared equally
In a non-polar covalent bond
No one benefits more than the other, they’re not a hydrogen bond
Carbons are very stable
You can link a lot to them
Unequal sharing of electrons between Atoms
Are polar covalent bonds
Holds water together
Water molecules, accident at tracks that electrons of hydrogen more strongly, oxygen become slightly more negative, hydrogen become slightly more positive. Hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen atoms with partial +, attract Atom with partial- charge.
Weakest bond
Hydrogen bonds
But very important
Water, DNA, and proteins are held together by
Hydrogen bonds.
Dotted line is
Hydrogen bonds
Hydrolysis
Add water
Dehydration synthesis
Take two elements to build by taking the water out, drying they out.
Take water out to bind together
Water
Universe solvent
Inorganic because there is no carbon
Polar bonds
Cohesion
H- bonds hold water molecules together
Cohesion is vital for water transport in plants
Water temperatures
Heat water up to break bonds in vaporize. Brakes H bonds.
cool down to rebuild.
Like ice(hydrogen bonds)
Sweating helps to regulate body temperature by evaporative cooling
Acides
0-6
Lower number acids
Base
8-14
Higher number stronger base
Ph 7
Neutral
Blood is a ph of 7.4
So neutral
