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psych of adj. > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

an individual unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits

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2
Q

personality trait

A

a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

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3
Q

common personality traits

A
  1. openness to experience
  2. conscientiousness
  3. extroversion
  4. agreeableness
  5. neuroticism (anxiousness, insecure)
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4
Q

Psychoanalytical theory

-3 assumptions about personality

A
  1. governed by unconscious forces we cannot control
  2. childhood experiences play a significant role
  3. shaped by the manner in which we cope with sexual urges
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5
Q

personality has 3 structures

A
  1. Id
  2. Ego
  3. Superego
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6
Q

Id

  • definition
  • ex
  • type of actions
A
  • pleasure principle; primary process thinking
  • demands that we meet our bodily needs
  • naturalistic and primitive actions
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7
Q

Ego

  • definition
  • ex
A
  • reality principle; secondary process thinking

- creates balance; problem solver

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8
Q

superego

  • definition
  • ex
A
  • moral imperatives

- Don’t make a fool of yourself

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9
Q

concious

A

contact with outside world

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10
Q

preconcious

A

material just beneath the surface of awareness

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11
Q

unconcious

A

difficult to retrieve the material; well below the surface of awareness

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12
Q

what happens when we have an imbalance between the id and superego
-how do we justify it

A

anxiousness

-by using defense mechanisms

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13
Q

defense mechanism

A
  • unconsciously distort reality to protect us from anxiety
    1. repression
      1. denial
      2. projection
      3. reaction formation
      4. rationalization
      5. displacement
      6. regression
      7. identification
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14
Q

Adler’s Individual theory

-2

A
  1. striving or superiority

2. use compensation

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15
Q

use compensation

  • when does inferiority develop
  • what may result
A
  • may develop if unsuccessful

- overcompensation

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16
Q

4 important contributions in the psychodynamic perspective

A
  1. unconcious forces may contribute to personality
  2. internal conflict may play a key role in psychological distress
  3. early childhood experiences can influence adult personality
  4. people do rely on defense mechanisms to reduce unpleasant emotion
17
Q

criticism for psychodynamic perspective

A
  1. poor testability
  2. unreprestative samples
  3. inadequate evidence
  4. sexism
18
Q

behavioral perspective

  • behaviorism
  • personality is shaped through 3 things
A

studies observable behavior

    1. classical conditioning
      1. operant conditioning
      2. observational learning
19
Q

classical conditioning

-definition

A

a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke

20
Q

neutral stimulus

A

anything that does not elicit a response

21
Q

unconditioned response

A

something you already learned (born with)

22
Q

what happens if you break the UCS

A

extinction

-UCR will stop

23
Q

operant conditioning

  • definition
  • includes
A

a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
-reinforcers and punishments

24
Q

reinforcers

  • definition
  • positive reinforcement
  • negative reinforcement
A
  • increases behavior
  • Giving a dog a treat to sit
  • Mom takes away chores because child did hw
25
Q

punishments

  • definition
  • positive punishment
  • negative punishment
A
  • decreases behavior
  • spanking your child to have him stop crying
  • taking away a toy if he is bad
26
Q

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

  • type of learning
  • requires 3 things
  • what is the key
A
  • observational
    1. pay attention to other’s behavior
      1. understand the consequences that follow others behavior
      2. store this info in memory
  • self efficacy
27
Q

self efficacy

A

idea that we have the ability to complete a task

28
Q

behavioral perspective

-important contributions

A
    1. rooted in research

2. suggested both personality and situation factors work together to shape behavior

29
Q

behavioral perspective

-2 criticisms

A
  1. strict behaviorism doesn’t account for cognitive influences
  2. relies heavily on animal models
30
Q

humanistic perspectives

-accepts that humans (3)

A
    1. have an innate drive toward personal growth
      1. exercise free will over actions
      2. are largely rational beings driven by conscious, not unconscious need
31
Q

maslow’s theory of self actualization

-hierarchy of needs

A

needing lower level needs

psych of adj. (10 decks)

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