Chapter 2 Flashcards
First Law of Geography
All things are related but closer things are more related than things farther away
Philosophy dealing with experience and facts, not theories
Empiricism
Philosophy dealing with facts, objectivity, repetition of experiments and scientific method
Positivism
Philosophy that humans are individual decision makers and are subjective
Humanism
To do practical activities
Pragmatism
“Empathetic understanding of the lived worlds of individual humans”
Phenomenology
Philosophy of “mode of production is key to understanding society”
Marxism
“Social relations where society organizes productive activity” (ex. Slavery, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, etc)
Mode of Production
“The political, legal, and social systems of a (Marxist) society”
Superstructure
Philosophy of securing equal rights for women
feminism
The idea that all concepts are socially produced and dynamic
Constructionism
Philosophy that reality cannot be studied objectively, so there may be multiple interpretations of reality
Post-Modernism
An approach focusing on individual phenomenon
Idiographic Approach
An approach focusing on universal phenomenon
Nomothetic Approach
An area on the Earth’s surface; a container
Space
A specific position within space
Location
“The local characteristics of a location”
Site
“A location relative to others”
Situation
A location with values associated with it
Place
“Attachments to locations with personal significance”
Sense of Place
Landscape esteemed for religious reasons
Sacred Space
“Homogeneous and standardized landscapes”
Placelessness
The love of a place
Topophilia
The dislike of a place
Topophobia
When each location is assigned a region
Regionalization
An area brought together by a specific characteristic
Formal (Uniform) Region
An area with locations related to each other
Functional (Nodal) Region
Regions perceived to exist by people either within or outside of them
Vernacular Regions
The space between locations
Distance
The pattern of which geographic facts are disbursed (clustered, uniform, random)
Distribution
More distance = less interaction
Distance Decay (or “effect of distance” or “friction of distance”)
The ease of getting from one location to another
Accessibility
Conducting business (of any kind) with another location
Interaction
Locations in close proximity to each other
Agglomeration
Locations in far proximity to each other
Deglomeration
Three types of distance
- Physical Distance
- Time Distance
- Economic Distance
Improvements in transportation and technology makes distance less important
Time/Space Convergence
Analyzing what is missing from a map
Lacunae Lapses
Three types of scale
- spatial scale
- temporal scale (time/space)
- social scale
“the spread of phenomenon over space and its growth in time”
Diffusion
Diffusion to those near the origin
Neighborhood Effect
Diffusion to larger centres then to smaller ones
Hierarchical Effect
Diffusion slowly at first, then very rapidly
S-Shaped Curve
“the process in which humans acquire information about their physical and social environments”
Perception
“the perception of reality” by someone
Images
Individual perception of space
Mental Map
Change over time (economic growth, social welfare, and modernization)
Development
The science of map-making
Cartography
A map that uses shading relative to density
Choropleth Map
A map that uses lines to show equal value
Isopleth Map
To represent earthly positions on a flat surface
Projection
Digital Mapping
Computer-Assisted Cartography
“a computer-based tool that combines storage, display, analysis, and mapping of spatially referenced data”
Geographic Informations Systems (GIS)
In GIS, a method that describes data as points, lines and areas
Vector Approach
In GIS, a method that uses pixels and describes their content
Raster Method
Obtaining information from a distance (ex. satellites)
Remote Sensing
Research on attitudes, behaviours, and personal observation
Qualitative Study
Objective research and reasoning
Quantitative Study
Three types of projections
- Cylinder
- Cone
- Plane
Conformal Map
Shapes are preserved but size and area are distorted
Equal Area Map
Area and size are preserved but shape is distorted
Equidistance Map
Preserves distance from a point
Azimuthal Map
Preserves direction from a point
