Chapter 2

Question 1

The study of how to create an organizational structure and control system that leads to high efficiency and effectiveness

Answer 1

Administrative management

Question 2

The power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions concerning the use of organizational resources

Answer 2

Authority

Question 3

The study of how managers should behave to motivate employees and encourage them perform at high levels and be committed to the achievement of organizational goals

Answer 3

Behavioral management

Question 4

A formal system or organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness

Answer 4

Bureaucracy

Question 5

The concentration of authority at the top of the managerial hierarchy

Answer 5

Centralization

Question 6

A system that is self-contained and thus not affected by changes occurring in its external environment

Answer 6

Closed system

Question 7

The idea that the organizational structures and control systems managers choose depend on-are contingent on-characteristics of the external environment in which the organization operates

Answer 7

Contingency theory

Question 8

Obedience, energy, application, and other outward marks of respect for a superiors authority

Answer 8

Discipline

Question 9

The tendency of a closed system to lose its ability to control itself and thus to dissolve and disintegrate

Answer 9

Entropy

Question 10

The justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled

Answer 10

Equity

Question 11

Shared feelings of comradeship, enthusiasm, or devotion to a common cause among members of a group

Answer 11

Esprit de corps

Question 12

The finding that a managers behavior or leadership approach can affect workers’ level of performance

Answer 12

Hawthorne effect

Question 13

A management approach that advocates the idea that supervisors should receive behavioral training to manage sip ordinates in ways that elicit their cooperation and increase their productivity

Answer 13

Human relations movement

Question 14

The system of behavioral rules and norms that emerge in a group.

Answer 14

Informal organization

Question 15

The ability to act on ones own, without direction from a superior

Answer 15

Initiative

Question 16

The process by which a division of labor occurs as different workers specialize in different tasks over time.

Answer 16

Job specialization

Question 17

The chain of command extending from the top to the bottom of an organization

Answer 17

Line of authority

Question 18

An approach to management that uses rigorous quantitative techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources

Answer 18

Management science theory

Question 19

An organizational structure in which authority is centralized, tasks and rules are clearly specified, and employees are closely supervised

Answer 19

Mechanistic structure

Question 20

Unwritten, informal codes of conduct that prescribe how people should act in particular situations and are considered important by most members of a group or organization

Answer 20

Norms

Question 21

A system that takes in resources from its external environment and converts them into goods and services that are then sent back to that environment for purchase by customers

Answer 21

Open system

Question 22

The methodical arrangement of positions to provide the organization with the greatest benefit and to provide employees with career opportunities

Answer 22

Order

Question 23

An organizational structure in which authority is decentralized to middle and first-line managers and tasks and roles are left ambiguous to encourage employees to cooperate and respond quickly to the unexpected

Answer 23

Organic structure

Question 24

The study of the factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups respond to and act in organizations

Answer 24

Organizational behavior

Question 25

The set of forces and conditions that operate beyond an organization’s boundaries but affect a manager’s ability to acquire and utilize resources

Answer 25

Organizational environment

Question 26

Formal written instructions that specify actions to be taken under different circumstances to achieve specific goals.

Answer 26

Rules

Question 27

The systematic study of relationships between people and takes for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency

Answer 27

Scientific management

Question 28

Specific sets of written instructions about how to perform a certain aspect of a task.

Answer 28

Standard operating procedure (SOPs)

Question 29

Performance gains that result when individuals and departments coordinate their actions

Answer 29

Synergy

Question 30

A set of negative assumptions about workers that lead to the conclusion that s managers task is to supervise workers closely and control their behavior

Answer 30

Theory X

Question 31

A set of positive assumptions about workers that lead to the conclusion that a managers task is to create a work setting that encourages commitment to organizational goals and provides opportunities for workers to be imaginative and to exercise initiative and self direction

Answer 31

Theory Y

Question 32

A reporting relationship in which an employee receives orders from, and reports to, only one superior

Answer 32

Unity of command

Question 33

The singleness of purpose that makes possible the creations of one plan of action to guide managers and workers as they use organizational resources

Answer 33

Unity of direction