Chapter 2

Question 1

Beginning of Agriculture

Answer 1

Hunting and gathering. 10,000 years ago. Women gathered berries, roots and grasses.

Question 2

Neolithic Revolution

Answer 2

Agricultural revolution. In the process of gathering berries, seeds may have dropped. When the nomads returned the next season they may have discovered new growth.

Question 3

Causes of Agricultural Revolution

Answer 3

Scientists don’t know for sure. Change in climate, rising temperatures provided longer growing seasons. As population rose, hunter and gathers felt pressure to farm.

Question 4

Early Farming

Answer 4

Slash-and-burn. Cut trees or grasses and burn them to clear a field. Ashes fertilized the soil. As they moved to other land, the fields would grow back in a few years.

Question 5

Domestication of Animals

Answer 5

The knowledge of hunters was used to tame animals, horses, dogs, goats, pigs.

Question 6

Fertile Crescent

Answer 6

Best farming land in SW Asia. Between the Prussian Gulf and Mediterranean Sea.

Question 7

Mesopotamia

Answer 7

Lands facing the Mediterranean Sea, a plain.

Question 8

Environmental Challenges

Answer 8

Good soil
Unpredictable flooding
Periods of little or no rain
Natural resources limited

Question 9

City-State

Answer 9

Sumerians had built many cities surrounded by fields of crops. These cities shared the same culture but govern themselves and was under their own control much like a country.

Question 10

Control

Answer 10

Early on, priests and rulers shared control. Farmers believed that they needed the priests blessings for their crops. Priests got taxes from the sale of crops. We’re not good at war. Later ruled by Dynasty, families who fought for control and past the rule down from generation to generation .

Question 11

Cultural Diffusion

Answer 11

With prosperous city-states, cities popped up all over. Peoples exchanged goods. New products or ideas were spread from one culture to another.

Question 12

Polytheism

Answer 12

Belief in many Gods. Gods of weather and for crops and protection from evil.

Question 13

Ziggurats

Answer 13

Alters to sacrifice to the Gods.

Question 14

Sumerian Society

Answer 14

Social classes. Kings, landlords, priests were upper. Majority worked in the field. There were slaves.upper classes were educated.

Question 15

Technology

Answer 15

Arithmetic/geometry
Arches, columns and peri I designs
Cuneiform, a style of writing.

Question 16

Empire

Answer 16

First was Sargon of Akkad 2350 BC. He took control of both northern and southern Mesopotamia. Empire is the bringing together of several people’s and nations under on ruler.

Question 17

Hammurabi

Answer 17

2000BC Amorites worriers invaded, overtook the Sumerians and established their Capitol Babylon. He was who reigned and developed the Hammurabi code, a single set of laws that would unify diverse groups.

Question 18

Egyptian Civilization

Answer 18

Along the Nile. United into a single kingdom. The change from fertile soil to desert was abrupt. Yearly flooding brought rich soil. Used irrigation systems.
Environmental challenges, unlike Mesopotamia the Nile worked like clockwork. When the water was a few feet lower, crops were reduced causing starvation. When higher the water flooded houses. The desert trapped them in.

Question 19

Delta

Answer 19

River travel was common along the mouth of the Nile into interior Africa but ended boulders churned. (First Coteract) Upper Egypt is the south. Lower is the Nile delta -broad marshy triangular area at the mouth of the river formed by silt.

Question 20

Narmer

Answer 20

The king of Egypt. Created a double crown from red and white uniting upper and lower.

Question 21

Pharaoh

Answer 21

Kings rule as Gods, and were thought to be as powerful. Theocracy is the rule based on religious authority.

Question 22

Pyramid

Answer 22

A burial place for kings so that they could rule after death. Remarkable engineering with out the use of wheel. Each perfectly cut stone weighed up to 15 tons. It shows the strength of the people.

Question 23

Egyptian Religion

Answer 23

Polytheistic with main God Re the sun God. Iris, female God representing mother. More than 2000 Gods and Goddesses. Mesopotamia had a bleak look on death while Egyptians believed in afterlife.

Question 24

Mummification

Answer 24

Preserving of the body after death. For Royal .

Question 25

Egyptian Life

Answer 25

Very large lower class of workers. Slaves were used for labor. The classes were not locked. Could advance through marriage. Women held many rights as men. Writing was developed.

Question 26

Hieroglyphics

Answer 26

Using pictures to stand for ideas through carving. First written on stone and then on papyrus, reeds split and dried. They developed the calendar to keep track of floods by using the stars. Developed written number system and mathematics, built stone columns and had good medicine.

Question 27

Indus Subcontinent

Answer 27

India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. A wall of tall mountains to the north and desert to the south. Use Indus and Ganges rivers.

Question 28

Harappan Civilization

Answer 28

Many archeological achievements, laying bricks for first cities, built levees and walls to keep water out, man made islands to build on. Plumbing. The language is made up of 400 symbols that cannot be deciphered.social division, animals are important, had a big part of trade.

Question 29

China

Answer 29

Isolated from other civilizations. Yellow Sea China Sea and Pacific Ocean. Rivers: Haung He (yellow) in north. Chang Jiang (Yangtze) is central.

Question 30

Loess

Answer 30

Yellow silt or furtive soil.

Question 31

Environmental Changes

Answer 31

Developed in a river valley. Faced floods that could devour whole cities, early settlers could not traid because of isolation, and were not protected from invaders.

Question 32

Early cities

Answer 32

Anyang built mainly of wood not stone. Upper class lived in wood houses with walls of clay and straw while peasants lived outside the city walls. Needed walls because of war. Chariots

Question 33

Oracle Bone

Answer 33

Animal bones used by the Shang to contact the Gods. Questions were written on them and then cracked and interpreted.

Question 34

Chinese writing

Answer 34

No links between spoken and written language. Could be read even if it couldn’t be spoken. People in all parts of China could learn same system of writing.

Question 35

Dynasty Cycle

Answer 35

Strong dynasty, peace
Declines, corrupt power weaker taxes raised
Disasters, floods, invasion
Old dynasty has lost Mandate of Heaven
Overthrown
New dynasty restores peace

Question 36

Mandate of Heaven

Answer 36

View that royal authority came from heaven. A wicked king could loose his right to rule.

Question 37

Feudalism

Answer 37

Political system where nobles and lords are granted land that belongs to the king.