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Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All matter is composed of certain basic substances called

A

Elements

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2
Q

Define element

A

An element is a substance that can’t be broken down to simpler substances with different properties by ordinary chemical means

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3
Q

How many naturally occurring element exist?

A

92

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4
Q

What are the primary elements that make earth’s crust?

A

Oxygen, silicon, Aluminum

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5
Q

What are the main elements making organisms?

A

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

Along with
Sulfur
Phosphorus

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6
Q

What’s an atom?

A

Smallest part of an atom that displays the properties of that element

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7
Q

Atomic number?

A

The number of protons in each atom

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8
Q

What’s the mass number of an atom?

A

The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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9
Q

Isotop

A

Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons

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10
Q

What’s compound?

A

When atoms of two or more different elements bond together, the product called a compound like H2O

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11
Q

Attraction between negatively and positively ions is called

A

Ionic bond

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12
Q

What’s covalent bond?

A

It results when two atoms share electrons in such a way that each atom has a complete out orbital

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13
Q

What’s electronegativity ?

A

The attraction of an atom for the electrons in a covalent bond is called electronegativity

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14
Q

What creates a polar molecule?

A

The unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond creates polar covalent bond.

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15
Q

What’s the attraction between water molecules called?

A

Hydrogen bond

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16
Q

What’s a calorie?

A

Amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1C

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17
Q

Dissolved substances are called….

A

Solutes

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18
Q

Molecules that can attract water are called…

A

Hydrophilic

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19
Q

Non-ionized and non-polar molecules, such as oil, that cannot attract water are called….

A

Hydrophobic

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20
Q

What’s matter?

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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21
Q

…is used to indicate the acidity or basicity of solutions.

A

pH scale

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22
Q

pH scale ranges from ….to ….

A

0 to 14

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23
Q

pH below 7 is …

A

Acidic

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24
Q

A pH above 7 is …

A

Basic

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25
Q

What’s pH of our blood?

A

7.4

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26
Q

Organic molecules always contain…..and ….

A

Carbon and hydrogen

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27
Q

Attached to the carbon chains are …., a specific combination of bonded atoms that always react in the same way

A

Functional groups

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28
Q

What are waters unique properties?

A
  1. Has High heat capacity
  2. Has High heat of vaporization
  3. Is a solvent
  4. Is cohesive and adhesive
  5. has high surface tension
  6. frozen is less dense than liquid
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29
Q

A simple organic molecule that exists individually or can link with other molecules to form polymer.

A

Monomer

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30
Q

Cell use ….reaction to join monomers to build polymers.

A

Dehydration reaction in which an OH(hydroxyl group) and a H (hydrogen atom) are removed as the reaction proceeds .

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31
Q

To degrade polymers, the cell uses ….

A

Hydrolysis in which the components of water are added.

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32
Q

…..function for quick fuel and short term energy storage in all organism

A

Carbohydrates

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33
Q

Carbohydrates play structural role in ……, …….and animals such as ……

A

Woody plants, bacteria and insects

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34
Q

What is monosaccharide or simple sugar?

A

If the number of carbon atoms low(from 3-7), then the carbohydrate is simple sugar

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35
Q

What’s a 5 carbon monosaccharide called?

A

Pentode

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36
Q

What a six carbon monosaccharide called?

A

Hexose

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37
Q

What’s the name of hexose monosaccharide found in our blood?

A

Glucose

38
Q

What’s the hexose found in fruits?

A

Fructose

39
Q

What’s the hexose found in milk?

A

Galactose

40
Q

What shape is the structure of glucose, fructose, and galactose? What’s the formula?

A

Ring structure

C6H12O6

41
Q

What’s a disaccharide?

A

When two monosaccharide combine in a dehydration reaction disaccharide is formed

42
Q

What’s formed when two glucose bond in a dehydration reaction?

A

Disaccharide named maltose

43
Q

What disaccharide is formed when glucose and fructose join?

A

Sucrose

44
Q

What disaccharide is formed when glucose and galactose bond?

A

Lactose

45
Q

What’s polysaccharide?

A

Long polymers that contain many glucose subunits

Examples: starch, glycogen and cellulose

46
Q

What is the storage form of glucose in plants?

A

Starch

47
Q

What’s the storage form of glucose in animals ?

A

Glycogen

48
Q

What’s the polysaccharide found on plants’ cell wall?

A

Cellulose

49
Q

What’s the structural polysaccharide found in exoskeleton of crab?

A

Chitin

50
Q

….are of animal origin and its solid in room temperature

Fat or oil?

A

Fat

51
Q

…..are of plant origin and liquid at room temperature.

Oils or fats?

A

Oils

52
Q

What are functions of fat in the body?

A
  1. long-term energy storage
  2. Insulation against heat loss
  3. protecting organs
53
Q

Fats and oils form when one ….molecule reacts with three …molecules.

A

Glycerol

Fatty acid

54
Q

A fat molecule is sometimes called ….because of its three part structure.

A

Triglyceride

55
Q

Gallbladder

A

كيسه صفرا

56
Q

Addition of …allows the hydrophobic fats and oils to mix with water.

A

Emulsifier

57
Q

When in fatty acids, carbon chain hold all the hydrogen they can, and don’t have double covalent carbon bond between carbon atoms they are called….

A

Saturated fatty acids

58
Q

When fatty acids have double bonds between carbon atoms they are called ….

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

59
Q

Are unsaturated fatty acids liquid or solid in room temperature?

A

Liquid

60
Q

What are two types of unsaturated fats?

A

Cis and trans

61
Q

What’s are trans fats?

A

In trans fats hydrogen atoms are on the opposite side of the double bond between carbon atoms

62
Q

What are steroid hormones made of?

A

Cholesterol

63
Q

What’s the male sex hormone?

A

Testosterone

64
Q

What’s female sex hormone?

A

Estrogen

65
Q

Proteins are polymers composed of monomers called ….

A

Amino acids

66
Q

What’s is amino acid composed of ?

A
  1. Central carbon bonded with hydrogen
  2. amino group (NH2)
  3. acidic group ( COOH)
  4. R group
67
Q

What’s the protein that makes up nail and hair?

A

Keratin

68
Q

Protein that that supports tendons ligaments and skin

A

Collagen

69
Q

2 Protein that cause muddle contractions?

A

Myosin and actin

70
Q

….is a protein in our blood that transports oxygen

A

Hemoglobin

71
Q

When two amino acids join together they form a ….

A

Di peptide

72
Q

What are four levels of protein organization ?

A
  1. Primary structure
  2. Secondary structure
  3. Tertiary structure
  4. quaternary structure
73
Q

What’s primary structure of protein organization?

A

Amino acid join through peptide bonding to form polypeptide

74
Q

Explain the secondary structure of protein organization .

A

Polypeptides join through hydrogen bonding to form alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

75
Q

How the tertiary structure is formed ?

A

Due to covalent bond between R groups the polypeptide folds and twists

76
Q

How quaternary structure occurs?

A

When two or more polypeptide join to form a single protein

77
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA ( deoxyribonucleic aci)

RNA ( ribonucleic acid)

78
Q

What’s are the subunits of nucleotide ?

A

Phosphate
A pentose sugar
A nitrogen containing base

79
Q

Which one has deoxyribose sugar? DNA or. RNA?

A

DNA

80
Q

What’s the sugar in RNA?

A

Ribose

81
Q

What are the four bases in DNA?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

82
Q

What are the four bases in RNA?

A

Adenine
Uracil
Guanine
Cytosine

83
Q

What kind of bond hold the two strands of DNA together?

A

Hydrogen bond between the bases

84
Q

In DNA structure, thymine always bonds with ….

A

Adenine

85
Q

In DNA structure Cytosine always bond with ….

A

Guanine

86
Q

What’s the energy currency of the cell?

A

ATP

87
Q

What’s does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

88
Q

What’s is ATP composed of?

A

Adenosine and triphosphate

89
Q

What’s is adenosine composed of?

A

Adenine+ribose

90
Q

How is ADP formed?

A

When the terminal phosphate bond of ATP is broken leaving the ADP and a molecule of inorganic phosphate

91
Q

Reaction of changing ATP to ADP is hydrolysis or dehydration ?

A

Hydrolysis

Biology (14 decks)

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