Chapter 2 Flashcards
All matter is composed of certain basic substances called
Elements
Define element
An element is a substance that can’t be broken down to simpler substances with different properties by ordinary chemical means
How many naturally occurring element exist?
92
What are the primary elements that make earth’s crust?
Oxygen, silicon, Aluminum
What are the main elements making organisms?
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Along with
Sulfur
Phosphorus
What’s an atom?
Smallest part of an atom that displays the properties of that element
Atomic number?
The number of protons in each atom
What’s the mass number of an atom?
The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Isotop
Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons
What’s compound?
When atoms of two or more different elements bond together, the product called a compound like H2O
Attraction between negatively and positively ions is called
Ionic bond
What’s covalent bond?
It results when two atoms share electrons in such a way that each atom has a complete out orbital
What’s electronegativity ?
The attraction of an atom for the electrons in a covalent bond is called electronegativity
What creates a polar molecule?
The unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond creates polar covalent bond.
What’s the attraction between water molecules called?
Hydrogen bond
What’s a calorie?
Amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1C
Dissolved substances are called….
Solutes
Molecules that can attract water are called…
Hydrophilic
Non-ionized and non-polar molecules, such as oil, that cannot attract water are called….
Hydrophobic
What’s matter?
Anything that takes up space and has mass
…is used to indicate the acidity or basicity of solutions.
pH scale
pH scale ranges from ….to ….
0 to 14
pH below 7 is …
Acidic
A pH above 7 is …
Basic
What’s pH of our blood?
7.4
Organic molecules always contain…..and ….
Carbon and hydrogen
Attached to the carbon chains are …., a specific combination of bonded atoms that always react in the same way
Functional groups
What are waters unique properties?
- Has High heat capacity
- Has High heat of vaporization
- Is a solvent
- Is cohesive and adhesive
- has high surface tension
- frozen is less dense than liquid
A simple organic molecule that exists individually or can link with other molecules to form polymer.
Monomer
Cell use ….reaction to join monomers to build polymers.
Dehydration reaction in which an OH(hydroxyl group) and a H (hydrogen atom) are removed as the reaction proceeds .
To degrade polymers, the cell uses ….
Hydrolysis in which the components of water are added.
…..function for quick fuel and short term energy storage in all organism
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates play structural role in ……, …….and animals such as ……
Woody plants, bacteria and insects
What is monosaccharide or simple sugar?
If the number of carbon atoms low(from 3-7), then the carbohydrate is simple sugar
What’s a 5 carbon monosaccharide called?
Pentode
What a six carbon monosaccharide called?
Hexose
What’s the name of hexose monosaccharide found in our blood?
Glucose
What’s the hexose found in fruits?
Fructose
What’s the hexose found in milk?
Galactose
What shape is the structure of glucose, fructose, and galactose? What’s the formula?
Ring structure
C6H12O6
What’s a disaccharide?
When two monosaccharide combine in a dehydration reaction disaccharide is formed
What’s formed when two glucose bond in a dehydration reaction?
Disaccharide named maltose
What disaccharide is formed when glucose and fructose join?
Sucrose
What disaccharide is formed when glucose and galactose bond?
Lactose
What’s polysaccharide?
Long polymers that contain many glucose subunits
Examples: starch, glycogen and cellulose
What is the storage form of glucose in plants?
Starch
What’s the storage form of glucose in animals ?
Glycogen
What’s the polysaccharide found on plants’ cell wall?
Cellulose
What’s the structural polysaccharide found in exoskeleton of crab?
Chitin
….are of animal origin and its solid in room temperature
Fat or oil?
Fat
…..are of plant origin and liquid at room temperature.
Oils or fats?
Oils
What are functions of fat in the body?
- long-term energy storage
- Insulation against heat loss
- protecting organs
Fats and oils form when one ….molecule reacts with three …molecules.
Glycerol
Fatty acid
A fat molecule is sometimes called ….because of its three part structure.
Triglyceride
Gallbladder
كيسه صفرا
Addition of …allows the hydrophobic fats and oils to mix with water.
Emulsifier
When in fatty acids, carbon chain hold all the hydrogen they can, and don’t have double covalent carbon bond between carbon atoms they are called….
Saturated fatty acids
When fatty acids have double bonds between carbon atoms they are called ….
Unsaturated fatty acids
Are unsaturated fatty acids liquid or solid in room temperature?
Liquid
What are two types of unsaturated fats?
Cis and trans
What’s are trans fats?
In trans fats hydrogen atoms are on the opposite side of the double bond between carbon atoms
What are steroid hormones made of?
Cholesterol
What’s the male sex hormone?
Testosterone
What’s female sex hormone?
Estrogen
Proteins are polymers composed of monomers called ….
Amino acids
What’s is amino acid composed of ?
- Central carbon bonded with hydrogen
- amino group (NH2)
- acidic group ( COOH)
- R group
What’s the protein that makes up nail and hair?
Keratin
Protein that that supports tendons ligaments and skin
Collagen
2 Protein that cause muddle contractions?
Myosin and actin
….is a protein in our blood that transports oxygen
Hemoglobin
When two amino acids join together they form a ….
Di peptide
What are four levels of protein organization ?
- Primary structure
- Secondary structure
- Tertiary structure
- quaternary structure
What’s primary structure of protein organization?
Amino acid join through peptide bonding to form polypeptide
Explain the secondary structure of protein organization .
Polypeptides join through hydrogen bonding to form alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
How the tertiary structure is formed ?
Due to covalent bond between R groups the polypeptide folds and twists
How quaternary structure occurs?
When two or more polypeptide join to form a single protein
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA ( deoxyribonucleic aci)
RNA ( ribonucleic acid)
What’s are the subunits of nucleotide ?
Phosphate
A pentose sugar
A nitrogen containing base
Which one has deoxyribose sugar? DNA or. RNA?
DNA
What’s the sugar in RNA?
Ribose
What are the four bases in DNA?
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
What are the four bases in RNA?
Adenine
Uracil
Guanine
Cytosine
What kind of bond hold the two strands of DNA together?
Hydrogen bond between the bases
In DNA structure, thymine always bonds with ….
Adenine
In DNA structure Cytosine always bond with ….
Guanine
What’s the energy currency of the cell?
ATP
What’s does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
What’s is ATP composed of?
Adenosine and triphosphate
What’s is adenosine composed of?
Adenine+ribose
How is ADP formed?
When the terminal phosphate bond of ATP is broken leaving the ADP and a molecule of inorganic phosphate
Reaction of changing ATP to ADP is hydrolysis or dehydration ?
Hydrolysis
