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Nurs 448 (Ethics) > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

How was bioethics brought on?

A

Brought on by:

medical advances and

discovery of human rights violations in the name of medical science

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2
Q

Examples of human rights violations in the name of medical science?

A
  1. WWII and Nazi experimentation
  2. Tuskegee research
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3
Q

What does bioethics focus on?

A

Focused on decisions about resource allocation and the ethical treatment of research subjects

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4
Q

The Belmont Report

A

Respect for persons
Beneficence
Justice

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5
Q

Beauchamp & Childress (1979)- What did they do?

A

Principles of biomedical ethics. Outlined the 4 Main Principles of Bioethics

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6
Q

4 Main Principles of Biomedical ethics

A
  1. Autonomy
  2. Beneficence
  3. Nonmaleficence
  4. Justice
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7
Q

Ethical Principlism:

A

Guidelines for moral decisions & morality of actions

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8
Q

What do ethical principles do?

A

Provide framework for analyzing, resolving bioethical problems

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9
Q

In Professional–Patient Relationships:
What occurs?

A

Unavoidable Trust

Human Dignity

Patient Advocacy

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10
Q

Unavoidable trust- what does it create and what does it require professionals to do?

A

Creates asymmetrical power structure
Requires professionals to act ethically

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11
Q

Human Dignity

A

Must be protected in all nursing care
Enhanced by assessing patients’ priorities and abilities

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12
Q

Patient advocacy- what must occur?

A

Identify unmet patient needs
Provide patients with necessary information
Increase the availability of health care

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13
Q

Autonomy

A

Freedom and ability to act in a self-directed manner

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14
Q

Example of autonomy

A

INFORMED CONSENT

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15
Q

Informed consent includes: list four things

A
  1. Person agreeing must be competent
  2. Must be made voluntarily
  3. Discloses all material information
  4. Recommendations of a plan

Persons must receive information
Consent for treatment must be voluntary*
Persons must be competent.*

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16
Q

Informed consent includes: list three things

A
  1. Statement of understanding risks/benefits
  2. Decision in favor of plan
  3. Authorization- verbal or written
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17
Q

What does the Self-Determination Act of 1990 focus on?

A

Focused on advance directives

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18
Q

HIPAA Privacy and Security Rules

A

Gives patients’ privacy

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19
Q

What is the nurse’s role in informed consent?

A

Witness voluntary consent from patient or legal guardian or surrogate

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20
Q

What is the provider’s role in informed consent?

A

Obtain consent, disclose risks/benefits, declare competence & understanding, and answer questions

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21
Q

Intentional Nondisclosure

A

Near misses, Emergency situations, Therapeutic privilege, Placebos

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22
Q

Nonmaleficence

A

Intentional avoidance of harm

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23
Q

Intentional avoidance of harm is done how?

A

Oversight by regulatory agencies
Best practices & EBP to minimize harm

24
Q

RUle of double effect

A

Intended effect VS “Besides the intention” effect
Benefit vs Risk

25
Q

Futile Treatment are treatments believed to:

A
  1. offer no benefit to the patient
  2. Potentially harm patient

-There is no ethical requirement to provide such a treatment

26
Q

What is an example of futile treatment?

A

Antibiotics for a virus

27
Q

Negligence

A

Failure to render reasonable care, which results in damages or injury

28
Q

Malpractice

A

Malpractice: A negligent act by a professional, usually someone licensed

29
Q

Alleviating human suffering is a keystone of what?

A

Buddhist beliefs

30
Q

Beneficence is considered what?

A

A legal responsibility of nurses

31
Q

What are three rules of beneficence?

A

Protect and defend the rights of others.
Prevent harm from occurring to others.
Remove conditions that will cause harm.

32
Q

What are two rules of beneficence?

A

Help persons with disabilities.
Rescue persons in danger.

33
Q

Paternalism

A

Acting beneficently without respecting autonomy

34
Q

Two types of paternalism

A
  1. Soft paternalism
  2. Hard Paternalism`
35
Q

Soft Paternalism

A

to protect persons from their own nonvoluntary conduct

36
Q

Example of soft paternalism

A

Depression, addiction

37
Q

Hard Paternalism

A

Interventions intended to be beneficent, even though the person’s actions are informed, voluntary, and autonomous

38
Q

Examples of hard paternalism

A

Example- prescription drug laws and providers
Intentional nondisclosure in therapeutic privilege

39
Q

Justice

A

Refers to fairness/equity

40
Q

What is fairness/equity?

A

Equal treatment without prejudice

41
Q

Social justice

A

equitable distribution of benefits/burdens

42
Q

Distributive justice: re:

A

Distributive justice: re: allocation of resources

43
Q

Goal of Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

A

Goal of increasing healthcare equity

44
Q

Common causes of moral suffering

A

Being in morally unsatisfactory situations

Taking action that is not morally commendable

45
Q

Second-Victim Phenomenon

A

Healthcare errors affect patients and their caregivers
Stress, grief

46
Q

Ethical dilemma

A

“Right versus right”
Judged by Law

47
Q

How common are ethical dilemmas

A

Extremely uncommon in day-to-day life

48
Q

Approaches to Ethical Decision Making

A
  1. Have Moral Imagination
  2. Reflective Practice
49
Q

What does it mean to have a moral imagination?

A

Respond to patients’ values
Avoid becoming stuck in routine/protocol
Consider “what if?” questions

50
Q

What is included in reflective practice?

A

Reflection-on-action

Reflection-in-action

51
Q

What does ‘reflection on action’ mean?

A

Looking back on actions

52
Q

What does ‘reflection in action’ mean?

A

Stopping to think before and during actions

53
Q

Four Topics Approach

A

Medical indications
Patient preferences
Quality of life
Contextual features

54
Q

What is included in critical thinking? (six things)

A
  1. Ask clear, pertinent questions.
  2. Identify key problems.
  3. Analyze relevant information.
  4. Generate reasonable conclusions.
  5. Remain open-minded.
  6. Beware the Slippery Slope Argument
55
Q

Why should you beware of the slippery slope argument?

A

May move toward illogical extremes
Can become alarmist
Ignore people’s ability to make distinctions

56
Q

RaDonda Vaught case

A

Think about it

Nurs 448 (Ethics) (7 decks)

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