Chapter 1

Question 1

According to the ANA Code of Ethics, what is the duty of the nurse?

Answer 1

The nurses’ primary duty is to advocate for the best interest of their patients

Question 2

According to the ANA Code of Ethics, what must be integrated into the primary duties of the nurse?

Answer 2

Professional values and personal values must be integrated

Question 3

Ethics

Answer 3

A systematic approach to understanding, analyzing, and distinguishing right from wrong

Question 4

What is ethics a study of?

Answer 4

Study of ideal human behavior and ideal ways of being

Question 5

What kind of process is ethics?

Answer 5

Active process (doing ethics)

Question 6

Morals

Answer 6

An individual’s specific beliefs, behaviors, and ways of being

Question 7

What is morals derived from?

Answer 7

Derived from doing ethics

Question 8

What do morals and ethics usually deal with?

Answer 8

Morals usually deal with personal conduct, while ethics deal with professional conduct.

Question 9

Examples of morals and ethics?

Answer 9

For example, a nurse may consider euthanasia to be morally acceptable but ethically unacceptable because of their position as a nurse.

Question 10

Immorality

Answer 10

Behavior in opposition to accepted standards and principles

Question 11

What does immorality relate to?

Answer 11

Relates to societal, religious, cultural, or professional ethical standards

*highlighted slide

Question 12

Amoral

Answer 12

Actions done with a lack of concern for good behavior or outcomes

Question 13

Amoral is normally judged as what?

Answer 13

Normally judged as immoral

Question 14

Nonmoral

Answer 14

Moral standards do not apply

Question 15

Unethical

Answer 15

Character or behavior contrary to admirable traits or the accepted code of conduct

Question 16

Values

Answer 16

Evaluative judgment about what is good or highly regarded

Question 17

Reasoning

Answer 17

Use of abstract thought processes

Question 18

Reasoning is focused on what?

Answer 18

Focused on creativity and problem-solving

Question 19

Moral reasoning

Answer 19

Reasoning focused on moral or ethical issues

Question 20

Normative ethics

Answer 20

Defines values, behaviors, and ways of being as right or wrong, good or bad, admirable or dishonorable

Question 21

Common morality consists of what?

Answer 21

Common morality consists of familiar beliefs and behaviors generally agreed upon

Question 22

What do norms form?

Answer 22

Norms form a “stable societal compact”

Question 23

Metaethics

Answer 23

Analyzes ethically related concepts

Question 24

Descriptive ethics

Answer 24

Describes what people think about morality

Question 25

Ethical subjectivism

Answer 25

Individuals create their own morality. There are no objective moral truths.

Question 26

Cultural relativism

Answer 26

Moral evaluation is inseparable from culture.

Question 27

Examples of universal or objective moral principles that exist?

Answer 27

1. Deontology 2. Utilitarianism 3. Natural law theory

Question 28

Deontology

Answer 28

Focuses on duties and rules

Question 29

Kantian deontology

Answer 29

Kantian deontology: rational beings are ethically bound to act only from a sense of duty

Question 30

Utilitarianism

Answer 30

Hume and the usefulness of virtues Consequentialism

Question 31

Natural law theory

Answer 31

Universal justice based on laws of nature Saint Thomas Aquinas major proponent Morality inherent in natural order Basis for prohibitions of “unnatural” acts

Question 32

Who was a major proponent of Natural Law Theory

Answer 32

Saint Thomas Aquinas major proponent

Question 33

Three philosophers from Ancient Greece

Answer 33

1. Socrates 2. Plate 3. Aristotle

Question 34

Socrates

Answer 34

First Western philosopher to explore moral reasoning and critical thinking Developed the Socratic method of reasoning

Question 35

Plato created what?

Answer 35

4 cardinal virtues: Prudence (wisdom) Fortitude (courage) Temperance (moderation) & Justice

Question 36

What are the four cardinal virtues:

Answer 36

4 cardinal virtues: Prudence (wisdom) Fortitude (courage) Temperance (moderation) & Justice

Question 37

Aristotle

Answer 37

Took a practical approach to reasoning Believed in the importance of empirical inquiry

Question 38

In the Middle Ages, how was ethics viewed?

Answer 38

Religious focus, natural law theory of ethics

Question 39

How was ethics viewed in the age of enlightenment?

Answer 39

Focus on autonomy and rationality

Question 40

How was ethics viewed in the pos-modern time?

Answer 40

Pluralistic view

Question 41

How was Kohlberg's theory oriented? What did he define?

Answer 41

Male-oriented ethic of justice Defines six stages of moral development

Question 42

How was Gilligan's theory oriented? What did she argue?

Answer 42

Female-oriented ethic of care Argues men and women differ in moral reasoning

Question 43

What is Western-ethics?

Answer 43

Western ethics- virtue-based system

Question 44

In Western Ethics, what is medical ethics based on?

Answer 44

Medical ethics based on casuistry (cause and effect, case by case)

Question 45

In western ethics, what is nursing based on? What is an example?

Answer 45

Nursing based on narrative ethics (situational, contextual) Nightingale and the virtue of obedience

Question 46

What is Eastern ethics? What is an example?

Answer 46

Eastern ethics- equity-based system (systems in balance) Buddhism – healthcare ethics based on the view of alleviating human suffering (highlighted fact)