Chapter 1 Flashcards
Exam 1
According to the ANA Code of Ethics, what is the duty of the nurse?
The nurses’ primary duty is to advocate for the best interest of their patients
According to the ANA Code of Ethics, what must be integrated into the primary duties of the nurse?
Professional values and personal values must be integrated
Ethics
A systematic approach to understanding, analyzing, and distinguishing right from wrong
What is ethics a study of?
Study of ideal human behavior and ideal ways of being
What kind of process is ethics?
Active process (doing ethics)
Morals
An individual’s specific beliefs, behaviors, and ways of being
What is morals derived from?
Derived from doing ethics
What do morals and ethics usually deal with?
Morals usually deal with personal conduct, while ethics deal with professional conduct.
Examples of morals and ethics?
For example, a nurse may consider euthanasia to be morally acceptable but ethically unacceptable because of their position as a nurse.
Immorality
Behavior in opposition to accepted standards and principles
What does immorality relate to?
Relates to societal, religious, cultural, or professional ethical standards
*highlighted slide
Amoral
Actions done with a lack of concern for good behavior or outcomes
Amoral is normally judged as what?
Normally judged as immoral
Nonmoral
Moral standards do not apply
Unethical
Character or behavior contrary to admirable traits or the accepted code of conduct
Values
Evaluative judgment about what is good or highly regarded
Reasoning
Use of abstract thought processes
Reasoning is focused on what?
Focused on creativity and problem-solving
Moral reasoning
Reasoning focused on moral or ethical issues
Normative ethics
Defines values, behaviors, and ways of being as right or wrong, good or bad, admirable or dishonorable
Common morality consists of what?
Common morality consists of familiar beliefs and behaviors generally agreed upon
What do norms form?
Norms form a “stable societal compact”
Metaethics
Analyzes ethically related concepts
Descriptive ethics
Describes what people think about morality
Ethical subjectivism
Individuals create their own morality.
There are no objective moral truths.
Cultural relativism
Moral evaluation is inseparable from culture.
Examples of universal or objective moral principles that exist?
- Deontology
- Utilitarianism
- Natural law theory
Deontology
Focuses on duties and rules
Kantian deontology
Kantian deontology: rational beings are ethically bound to act only from a sense of duty
Utilitarianism
Hume and the usefulness of virtues
Consequentialism
Natural law theory
Universal justice based on laws of nature
Saint Thomas Aquinas major proponent
Morality inherent in natural order
Basis for prohibitions of “unnatural” acts
Who was a major proponent of Natural Law Theory
Saint Thomas Aquinas major proponent
Three philosophers from Ancient Greece
- Socrates
- Plate
- Aristotle
Socrates
First Western philosopher to explore moral reasoning and critical thinking
Developed the Socratic method of reasoning
Plato created what?
4 cardinal virtues: Prudence (wisdom) Fortitude (courage) Temperance (moderation) & Justice
What are the four cardinal virtues:
4 cardinal virtues: Prudence (wisdom) Fortitude (courage) Temperance (moderation) & Justice
Aristotle
Took a practical approach to reasoning
Believed in the importance of empirical inquiry
In the Middle Ages, how was ethics viewed?
Religious focus, natural law theory of ethics
How was ethics viewed in the age of enlightenment?
Focus on autonomy and rationality
How was ethics viewed in the pos-modern time?
Pluralistic view
How was Kohlberg’s theory oriented? What did he define?
Male-oriented ethic of justice
Defines six stages of moral development
How was Gilligan’s theory oriented? What did she argue?
Female-oriented ethic of care
Argues men and women differ in moral reasoning
What is Western-ethics?
Western ethics- virtue-based system
In Western Ethics, what is medical ethics based on?
Medical ethics based on casuistry (cause and effect, case by case)
In western ethics, what is nursing based on? What is an example?
Nursing based on narrative ethics (situational, contextual)
Nightingale and the virtue of obedience
What is Eastern ethics? What is an example?
Eastern ethics- equity-based system (systems in balance)
Buddhism – healthcare ethics based on the view of alleviating human suffering (highlighted fact)
