chapter 2

Question 1

theory

Answer 1

A set of facts and relationships between facts that can explain and predict related phenomena.

Question 2

hypothesis

Answer 2

A proposed explanation for a situation, usually taking the form “If A happens, then B will be the result.”

Question 3

construct

Answer 3

A hypothetical internal attribute that cannot be directly observed but is useful for describing and explaining behaviour.

Question 4

operational definiton

Answer 4

definitions in theoretical constructs that are stated in terms of concrete observable procedures –> measured/well defined/manipulated

Question 5

independent variable

Answer 5

An experimental variable controlled and manipulated by the experimenter; the “if A happens” part of a hypothesis.

Question 6

dependent variable

Answer 6

A measure that demonstrates the effects of an independent variable; the “result” part of a hypothesis.

Question 7

descriptive methods

Answer 7

researhc methods designed for making careful systematic observations
-single varibale of onterst
-classification behaviour
-systematic observation

Question 8

survey

Answer 8

A descriptive method in which participants are asked the same questions.

Question 9

case study

Answer 9

An in-depth analysis of the behaviour of one person or a small number of people.

Question 10

correlational study

Answer 10

A measure of the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables.

Question 11

third variable problem

Answer 11

A variable that is responsible for a correlation observed between two other variables of interest.

Question 12

experiment

Answer 12

A research method that tests hypotheses and allows researchers to make conclusions about causality.

Question 13

causal claims

Answer 13

correlational studis do not tell us whether one variable causes changes in another

Question 14

random assignment

Answer 14

procedure in which each participant has an equal chance of being placed in a group in an experiment

Question 15

random samples

Answer 15

each member of population you are interested in has equal chance of being chosen to participate

Question 16

confound

Answer 16

Variable that is irrelevant to the hypothesis being tested but can alter a researcher’s conclusions.

Question 17

quasi-expeiremnt

Answer 17

random assignment not possible
-potential confounds limits claims

Question 18

field experiement

Answer 18

An experiment conducted outside of a laboratory setting.
-less control
unaware of the study

Question 19

external validity

Answer 19

generalizability
- how well would we expect the results of the stidy to generalize to population

Question 20

internal validity

Answer 20

causality
-cause and effect relationship

Question 21

reliability

Answer 21

The consistency of a measure, including test–retest, interrater, intermethod, and internal consistency.

Question 22

replication

Answer 22

Repeating an experiment and producing the same results.

Question 23

descriptive statistics

Answer 23

Statistical methods that organize data into meaningful patterns and summaries, such as finding the average value.
-describe data

Question 24

inferential statistics

Answer 24

Statistical methods that allow experimenters to extend conclusions from samples to larger populations.
-probabilistic
never proven

Question 25

mean

Answer 25

The numerical average of a set of scores.

Question 26

median

Answer 26

The halfway mark in a set of data, with half of the scores above it and half below.

Question 27

normal curve

Answer 27

A symmetrical probability function.

Question 28

WEIRD sample

Answer 28

western
educated
industrialized
rich
democratic

Question 29

open science

Answer 29

method for learning about reality through systematic observation and experiementation

Question 30

informed consent

Answer 30

Permission obtained from a research participant after the risks and benefits of an experimental procedure have been thoroughly explained.

Question 31

research ethics board

Answer 31

-no coercion
-informed consent
-no harm
-confideniality and privacy

Question 32

animal care commitee

Answer 32

-necessity
-excellent food,housing, vet
-minimal pain

Question 33

sample

Answer 33

group of individuals from population in a study

Question 34

participant observation

Answer 34

active observation
-involved researcher

Question 35

naturalistic observation

Answer 35

passive observation
-observer does not change or alter behavhour

Question 36

lab observatin

Answer 36

systematic observation made in a lab setting