chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

theory

A

A set of facts and relationships between facts that can explain and predict related phenomena.

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2
Q

hypothesis

A

A proposed explanation for a situation, usually taking the form “If A happens, then B will be the result.”

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3
Q

construct

A

A hypothetical internal attribute that cannot be directly observed but is useful for describing and explaining behaviour.

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4
Q

operational definiton

A

definitions in theoretical constructs that are stated in terms of concrete observable procedures –> measured/well defined/manipulated

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5
Q

independent variable

A

An experimental variable controlled and manipulated by the experimenter; the “if A happens” part of a hypothesis.

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6
Q

dependent variable

A

A measure that demonstrates the effects of an independent variable; the “result” part of a hypothesis.

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7
Q

descriptive methods

A

researhc methods designed for making careful systematic observations
-single varibale of onterst
-classification behaviour
-systematic observation

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8
Q

survey

A

A descriptive method in which participants are asked the same questions.

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9
Q

case study

A

An in-depth analysis of the behaviour of one person or a small number of people.

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10
Q

correlational study

A

A measure of the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables.

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11
Q

third variable problem

A

A variable that is responsible for a correlation observed between two other variables of interest.

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12
Q

experiment

A

A research method that tests hypotheses and allows researchers to make conclusions about causality.

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13
Q

causal claims

A

correlational studis do not tell us whether one variable causes changes in another

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14
Q

random assignment

A

procedure in which each participant has an equal chance of being placed in a group in an experiment

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15
Q

random samples

A

each member of population you are interested in has equal chance of being chosen to participate

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16
Q

confound

A

Variable that is irrelevant to the hypothesis being tested but can alter a researcher’s conclusions.

17
Q

quasi-expeiremnt

A

random assignment not possible
-potential confounds limits claims

18
Q

field experiement

A

An experiment conducted outside of a laboratory setting.
-less control
unaware of the study

19
Q

external validity

A

generalizability
- how well would we expect the results of the stidy to generalize to population

20
Q

internal validity

A

causality
-cause and effect relationship

21
Q

reliability

A

The consistency of a measure, including test–retest, interrater, intermethod, and internal consistency.

22
Q

replication

A

Repeating an experiment and producing the same results.

23
Q

descriptive statistics

A

Statistical methods that organize data into meaningful patterns and summaries, such as finding the average value.
-describe data

24
Q

inferential statistics

A

Statistical methods that allow experimenters to extend conclusions from samples to larger populations.
-probabilistic
never proven

25
mean
The numerical average of a set of scores.
26
median
The halfway mark in a set of data, with half of the scores above it and half below.
27
normal curve
A symmetrical probability function.
28
WEIRD sample
western educated industrialized rich democratic
29
open science
method for learning about reality through systematic observation and experiementation
30
informed consent
Permission obtained from a research participant after the risks and benefits of an experimental procedure have been thoroughly explained.
31
research ethics board
-no coercion -informed consent -no harm -confideniality and privacy
32
animal care commitee
-necessity -excellent food,housing, vet -minimal pain
33
sample
group of individuals from population in a study
34
participant observation
active observation -involved researcher
35
naturalistic observation
passive observation -observer does not change or alter behavhour
36
lab observatin
systematic observation made in a lab setting