chapter 10 Flashcards
broca’s area
more forward
wernicke’s area
more backward
non fluent (broca) aphasia
People with conduction aphasiahave a hard time repeating words or sentences that have been spoken to them. They might not have severe problems with fluency or comprehension, depending on the size of the damage.
fluent (wernicke) aphasia
type of receptive aphasia that affects the understanding of spoken and written language, while preserving the ability to produce speech.
bilingualism/multilingualism
Proficient in two languages.
Proficient in more than two languages.
- back then bilinguilism was viewed as impairing intelligence
- now has advantages in executive control and cognitive reserve
linguistic determinism
strong form
concept that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought, as well as thought processes such as categorization, memory, and perception.
linguistic relativism
idea that the structure of the language natively spoken by people defines the way they view the world and interact with it
weak form
cognition
Internal mental processes including information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
analogical representation
A representation that maintains some of the characteristics of the real object (e.g., maps).
symbolic representation
A representation that bears no resemblance to the actual object (e.g., language).
do not correspond to the physical characteristics of actual objects
concept
An organizing principle derived from experience.
a mental representation that groups object, events or relations around common themes
defining attributes (classic categorization) models
objects are categorized according to a certain set of rules of specific set of features
- some attributes are more important than others
-some concepts appear better than others
- membership within a category determined on an all or none basis
prototype model
A representation of a category formed by averaging all members of the category.
- objects categorized according to how closely they resemble the prototype of the category
exemplar model
A specific member of a category used to represent the category.
- instead of single prototype, all members of the category that we have encountered for the concept; choose a specific example
taxonomic categorization strategies
species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom
analytic thinking style
focus on individual objects, assigning them to categories based on their attributes.
rule based
thematic categorization strategies
familiarize, generate codes, search themes, review themes, define and name themes, produce report
holistic thinking style
Holistic thinkers consider the context as a whole, focusing on the relationships between objects
family resemblance
reasoning
Using information to determine if a conclusion is
valid or reasonable
deductive reasoning
you make an inference, or come to a conclusion, by applying different premises.
inductive reasoning
method where specific observations or experiences are used to reach a broader, general
decision making
Attempting to select the best alternative
among several options
satisficers
satisficers are individuals who are pleased to settle for a good enough option, not necessarily the very best outcome in all respects
maximizers
Maximizers are people who strive to get the very best out of every decision.
algorithm
A precise, step-by-step set of rules that will reliably generate a solution to a problem.
heuristics
A shortcut to problem solving; also known as a rule of thumb.
reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make a decision
- decide quickly
lead to errors
availability heuristic
A rule of thumb in which the frequency of an event’s occurrence is predicted by the ease with which the event is brought to mind.
Estimating the
frequency of an event based on how easily
examples of it come to mind
representativeness heuristic
A rule of thumb in which stimuli similar to a prototype are believed to be more likely than stimuli that are dissimilar to a prototype.
Making judgments of likelihood
based on how similar the person
or object is to our prototype for
that category
recognition heuristic
A rule of thumb in which a higher value is placed on the more easily recognized alternative.
affect heuristic
A rule of thumb in which we choose between alternatives based on emotional or “gut” reactions to stimuli.
framing effects
refer to changes in the
way information is perceived as a result
of the way in which the information was
presented
problem
A situation in which a current state is separated from an ideal state by obstacles.
problem solving
The use of information to meet a specific goal.
Finding a way around an obstacle to reach
a goal
mental set
A framework for thinking about a problem.
functional fixedness
A possible barrier to successful problem solving in which an object is considered only in terms of its most typical use.
example of a mental set, getting ‘stuck’ or ‘fixed’ in a particular approach to solving a
problem or completing a task
intelligence
The ability to understand complex ideas, adapt effectively to the environment, learn from experience, engage in reasoning, and overcome obstacles.
eugenics
The belief that selective human breeding can improve the genetic makeup of the human species, eradicating genetic defects and other undesirable characteristics.
psychometrics
A branch of psychology concerned with the objective measurement of mental abilities and other attributes.
intelligence quotient (IQ)
A measure of individual intelligence relative to a statistically normal curve.
A score on a normed test of intelligence (i.e., how your score
compares to other people who
have taken the test before you
flynn effect
the finding that the average human IQ has increased over time, first discovered by researcher James Flynn in 1984
general intelligence (g)
A measure of an individual’s overall intelligence as opposed to specific abilities.
The idea that one
general factor underlies all mental abilities
crystallized intelligence
The ability to think logically using specific learned knowledge.
Knowledge acquired through
experience, and the ability to use this knowledge to solve
problems
fluid intelligence
The ability to think logically without the need to use learned knowledge.
Information processing in novel or complex
circumstances; thinking logically without the need to use
learned knowledge
factor analysis
statistical method that looks at how lots of different observations correlate and determines how many theoretical constructs could most simply explain what you see.
dysrationalia
The
inability to think and behave
rationally despite having
adequate intelligence
growth (incremental) mindset
belief that one has the capacity to grow
fixed (entity) mindset
gardner theory of multiple intelligence
promoted the idea that people can show different skills in a
variety of different domains
emotional intelligence
social intelligence that
emphasizes the ability to manage one’s emotions, recognize emotions in others,
understand emotional
language, and use emotions
to guide thoughts and actions
sternberg theories on intelligence
three forms of intelligence
analytical
intelligence that is applied to analyze or evaluate problems and arrive at solutions.
practical
ability that individuals use to solve problems faced in daily life when a person finds the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment.
creative
ability to go beyond what is given to create novel and interesting ideas. This type of intelligence involves imagination, innovation, and problem-solving.
nature vs nurture
chomsky: language is innate
skinner: language is learned
emergentist view of language
language as an emergent behaviour: a complex phenomena that arises from the interactions of underlying processes but cannot be deduced or explained from the nature and logic of these properties.
representation
anything that stands in for or corresponds to something else
mental representation
hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality
mental images
- answer questions about objects that are not in out presence
- solve problems
- manipulate mental images
categorization
process of grouping things based on shared information
direction
ability to know what to do and how to do it
adaptation
ability to create strategies for implementing this knowledge and monitoring its progress
criticism
ability to step back and find error in one thinking
