chapter 11

Question 1

critical period

Question 2

sensitive period

Question 3

continuity

Question 4

discontinuity

Question 5

schemas

Answer 5

ways of perceiving, organizing and thinking about how the world works

Question 6

accommodation

Answer 6

incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema.

existing schemas are no longer sufficient and we experience disequilibrium and become motivated to develop new schemas

Question 7

assimilation

Answer 7

incorporation of new learning into an existing schema without the need to revise the schema

Question 8

equilibration

Answer 8

process by which a child engages in assimilation and accommodation to make sense of the world

Question 9

sensorimotor stage

Answer 9

Jean Piaget’s stage of development begins at birth and ends at age of 2 years and is characterized by active exploration of the environment. info learned through senses

Question 10

object permanence

Answer 10

ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present. things continue to exist when you no longer sense them

Question 11

primary circular reactions

Question 12

secondary circular reactions

Question 13

tertiary circular reactions

Answer 13

little scientists

Question 14

preoperational stage

Answer 14

Jean Piaget’s stage of development begins at the age of 2 years and ends at the age of 6 years and is characterized by the use of symbols, egocentrism, and limits on the ability to reason logically

Question 15

longitudinal study

Answer 15

data from the same group of participants is collected at intervals across a long period of time

Question 16

cross sectional study

Answer 16

data was obtained simultaneously from participants of different ages to make age-related comparisons

Question 17

egocentrism

Answer 17

limitations on the ability to understand the point of view of other people

Question 18

conservation

Answer 18

ability to understand that changing the form or appearance of an object does not change its quantity

Question 19

concrete operational stage

Answer 19

Jean Piaget’s stage of development begins at the age of 6 years and ends at 12 years and is characterized by logical but not abstract reasoning.

development of more logic thinking but reasoning is limited to concrete objects

Question 20

formal operational stage

Answer 20

Jean Piaget’s stage of development begins at age 12 and extends through adulthood and is characterized by mature reasoning capabilities.

dedictive reasoning and problem solving and thinking and reasoning abstractly

Question 21

theory of mind

Answer 21

understanding that others have thoughts that are different from one’s own

Question 22

false belief test

Question 23

attachment

Answer 23

emotional bond linking an infant to a parent or caregiver

Question 24

secure attachment

Answer 24

parent of infant-caregiver bonding in which children explore confidently and return to the parent or caregiver for reassurance.

upset when caregiver leaces and easily comforted when caregiver returns

Question 25

insecure attachment

Answer 25

parent of infant-caregiver bonding that can take several forms but is generally characterized as less desirable for the child outcome than secure attachment

Question 26

parenting styles

Answer 26

love and warmth versus limits and boundaries
-high behavioural regulation and high parental support (authoritative)
-high behavioural regulation and low parental support (authoritarian)
-low behavioural regulation and high parental support (indulgent)
-low behavioural regulation and low parental support (uninvolved)

Question 27

erikson psychosocial theory of development

Answer 27

lifespan theory
- every stage of identity features a developmental challenge that must be confronted to move on
-trust vs mistrust (birth-2yrs)
-identity vs role confusion (adolescence)
-intimacy vs isolation (early adulthood)

Question 28

zone of proximal development

Answer 28

in Vygotsky’s theory, tasks that the child can accomplish with the assistance of more experienced or knowledgeable individuals

Question 29

scaffolding

Question 30

preferential looking technique

Question 31

orienting reflex

Question 32

synaptic pruning

Answer 32

second period of overproduction occurs in the prefrontal cortex just before adolescence followed by a decade of pruning WRITE MORE

Question 33

developmental psychology

Answer 33

physiological, cognitive, and social changes that occur in individuals across the lifespan

Question 34

circular reactions

Answer 34

repetitive actions observed in children during the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development

Question 35

attachment theory

Answer 35

strong emotional connection that persists over time and across circumstances

Question 36

adaptive attachment

Answer 36

encourages proximity between child and mother/caregiver

Question 37

rhesus money trials

Question 38

insecure-resistent (anxious-ambivalent)

Answer 38

clings to caregiver, upset, wants and resists comfort

Question 39

insecure-avoidant (anxious-avoidant)

Answer 39

little distress when caregiver leaves and ignores upon return