chapter 12 Flashcards
idiographic approaches
A qualitative approach to studying personality that emphasizes the uniqueness of each individual.
person centred, focus on individual lives
- narrative approach, humanistic perspective
nomothetic approaches
A quantitative approach to studying personality that focuses on common traits or dimensions that apply to all people.
common traits, unique combinations
- projective measures
-objective measures
projective measures
A test of personality based on Freudian theory that provides an ambiguous stimulus onto which test takers “project” their personality.
- TAT - thematic apperception test (need for achievement, power, affiliation)
- rorschach inkblot
objective measures
- self reports
- informant ratings
psychodynamic theory
- reality principle (ego)
- moral principle (superego)
- pleasure principle ( id)
- defence mechanisms
- conscious mind: present awareness
- preconscious mind: outside awareness but accessible
- unconscious mind: not accessible
ego
The component of Sigmund Freud’s personality theory that is the self that others see.
executive mediator
id
The component of Sigmund Freud’s personality theory containing primitive drives present at birth.
unconscious psychic energy
superego
The component of Sigmund Freud’s personality theory that internalizes society’s rules for right and wrong, or the conscience.
internalized ideals
defence mechanisms
In Sigmund Freud’s personality theory, a protective behaviour that reduces anxiety.
unconscious mental strategies that the mind uses to protect itself
humanistic approaches
emphasize personal experience and belief systems; propose that people seek personal growth to fulfill their human potential
self actualization
- Abraham Maslow
- the realization or fulfillment of one’s talents and potentialities, especially considered as a drive or need present in everyone.
person centered
- Carl Rogers
- phenomenology: subjective human experience
- non-directive approach that empowers clients to take the lead in their therapy sessions, promoting self-discovery and self-actualization.
unconditional positive regard
- accepting and supporting a person without judging or criticizing them.
self concept
People’s description of their own characteristics.
- organized consistent self of perceptions and beliefs about oneself
- incongruent: self discrepancies
- congruent: self actualization
self esteem
A judgment of the value of the self.
interdependent self construal
-non western cultures
- view of the self that emphasizes one embeddedness in a network of social relationships and downplays one separateness and unique traits or accomplishments
independent self construal
- western cultures
- emphasis on internal and distinctive personal characteristics, is thus one in which the self is seen as a unique individual, fundamentally separate from others
reciprocal determinism
A social–cognitive learning theory of personality that features the mutual influence of the person and that of the situation on each other.
self efficacy
- performance experience (past experience)
- vicarious experience (observed experience or modelling by others)
- social persuasion ( coaching and feedback)
- imaginal experience (visualizations of future success)
- physical and emotional states (experience of physical and emotional sensations)
self handicapping
behaviour that creates obstacles to prevent taking personal responsibility for failure or embarassment - protect self image and esteem
self regulation
process by which people alter or change their behaviour to attain personal goals
self control
process of self regulation in contexts involving a clear trade off between long term goals and short term temptations
locus of control
A cognitive expectancy featured in social–cognitive learning theories of personality about the source of individual outcomes; an external locus of control sees outcomes as resulting from luck or chance, while an internal locus of control sees outcomes as the result of individual effort.
delay of gratification
- delay of gratification (marshmallow)
- turning hot cognitions into cold cognitions (reframing); ignoring; distraction
personality trait
a characteristic; a dispositional tendency to act in a certain way over time and across circumstances
personality type
classification based on particular configurations of personality traits or other characteristics
big five theory
- openness to experience (fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, values)
- conscientiousness (competence, order, self-discipline, deliberation, achievement striving)
- extraversion (warmth, assertiveness, activity, positive emotion, excitement seeking)
- agreeableness (trust, altruism, compliance, modesty, tender mindedness)
- neuroticism (anxiety, anger, depression, impulsiveness, vulnerability)
personality
characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviours that are stable in an individual over time and across circumstances
repression
forcing distressing or unacceptable memories, thoughts and feelings into the unconscious
reaction formation
unacceptable thoughts and desires in the unconscious are expressed as their opposite in consciousness
projection
attributing ones own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, impulses and motives to others
regression
reacting to a threatening situation with a response characteristic of an earlier stage of development
sublimation
transforming inappropriate impulses and motives into socially acceptable and valuable expressions
denial
conscious refusal to perceive and believe painful facts or situations exist
rationalization
creating an acceptable and local explanation to replace a true but threatening cause of behaviour
displacement
shifting the expression of an unwanted impulse from a threatening person to a less threatening one
neo-freud: carl jung (analytical psychology)
- personal vs collective unconscious
- personality types reflecting opposing ways we can orient ourselves to the external environment
neo-freud: karen horney (feminist psychology)
- emphasis on cultural and social conditions as a determinant of personality (rather than instinctual or biological drives)
self
the totality of the individual, consisting of
all characteristic attributes, conscious and unconscious, mental and physical
self construal
the extent to which the self is defined independently of others or interdependently with others
reciprocal determinism
theory of human behaviour that states that a person behaviour both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment
if-then
- interaction between situation and individual
- if A, then she X, but if B then she Y
continuum
tend to focus on extremes, each trait exists along continuum
- fact that most people do not fall into extremes is one of major problems with MBTI
