Chapter 2 Flashcards
the law of constant composition
substance changes its physical appearance but not its composition:
law of conservation of mass
The total mass of materials present after a chemical reaction is the same as the total mass present before the reaction.
law of multiple porportions
If two elements A and B combine to form more than one compound, the masses of B that can combine with a given mass of A are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
Who discovered atomic theory of matter?
daltons atomic theory
What are cathode rays?
streams of electrons that are produced when a high voltage is applied to electrodes in an evacutaed tube
What did thompson theorize?
described cathode rays as streams of negatively charged particles that we now call electrons.
What did thomson discover?
electrons
What is radioactivity?
spontaneos emission of radiation
Who discovered the different types of radiation?
rutherfrod
What are three types of radiation?
alpha, beta, and gamma
What happens paths of beta and alpha radiation when it goes through an electric field?
bent in the opposite direction
what happens to the path of gamma radiation as it goes through an electric field
unaffected
What are beta particales?
high-speed electrons that can be considered the radioactive equivalent of cathode rays.
Are beta particles negative or positive?
negative charge
What is beta particles attracted to?
positiviely charged plates
Are alpha particles positive or negative?
positive charge
What are the alpha particles attracted to?
the negative plate
What charge does beta particles have?
-1
what charge does alpha particles have?
+2
Does gamma radiaton have a charge?
no
What did thomson theorize on the model of the atom?
atom consists of a uniform postivie sphere of matter in which the mass is evently distributed in which the electrons are embedded in it
what did thomson call his model of the atom?
plum-pudding model
what was rutherford model called?
nuclear model
What was the nuclear model?
the mass of each gold atom and all of its positive charge reside in a very small, extremely dense region that he called the nucleus.
He postulated further that most of the volume of an atom is empty space in which electrons move around the nucleus.
How many m is in 1 Å
1 x 10^-10
Why are electrons attracted to the protons?
electrostatic forces between particles of opposite electrial charges
List the particles in smallest to greatest mass?
Protons=Neutrons>Electrons
Where is the mass number located?
subscript at the top
What is the mass number
protons+neutrons
How to find the atomic weight when given the isotpoes?
(% of isotope x mass)+ if there is another isotope the same thing.
Which group is the alkali metals in?
1A
What group is the alkaline earth metals in?
2A
what group is the chalcogens in?
6A
What group is the halogens in?
7A
What are the characteristic properties of metals?
luster, high electrical and heat conductivity, solid at room temp but Hg
What are characteristcs of nonmetals?
some are gaseous, solid, one is liquid
What are diatomic molecules?
a molecule made up of two atoms
what are the 7 diatomic molecules
H,O,N,F,Cl,Br,I
What are molecular compounds?
Compounds composed of molecules that contain more than one type of atom are
What is the difference between the molecular formula and the empirical formula?
molecular the normal amount of atoms a normal balanced chemical equation emphiral you wont only one atom of compound to be produced
How to find the emprirical formula when given the molecular formula?
smallest whole number ratio. dividing each subscript by the largest common factor
What are perspective drawings?
show it on a plane with dahsed lines wedges and solid lines
what is the ball and stick model?
shows atoms as spheres and bonds as sticsk looks 3D
What is the space-filling model
depict what a molecule would look like if the atoms were scaled up in size all the atoms are attached together
How is an ion formed?
electrons are removed from or added to an atom
What is a postice charged ion?
cation
what is a negatively charged ion?
anion
When you lose an electron is the atom positive or negative and what is it called? does it get bigger or smallewr?
Positive and is called a cation, smaller
When an atom gains an electron does it become negative, what is it called, does it get bigger or smaller?
Negative, anion, bigger
what are polyatomic ions?
which consist of atoms joined as in a molecule, but carrying a net positive or negative charge
What is an ionic compound?
a compound made up of cation and anions by transferring electrons
What is an ionic compound usually composed of?
metals and nonmetals
How to write the emphircal formula for the compound of ions?
make it a neutral ionic compound
For ions that have multiple charges what is the name of ions that have a 2+ charge called?
add ous
ex Fe2+ ferrous ion
For ions with multiple charges what is the name of the 3+ charge called?
add ic
ex: Fe3+ ferric ion
How do you name a cation?
add ion to the end if it has multiple charges put it in ()
How do you name cations thate are formed from molecules composed of nonmetal atoms? Ex:NH4+
end in ium Ex: ammonium ion
What is the name of monatomic anions?
replacing the ending of the name of the element with ide
ex: H- is hydride ion
What are the two polyatomic anions that have the names ending in ide
OH- hydroxide ion, CN- cyanide ion, O2 2- peroxide ion
what are the polyatomic anions called containing oxygens?
ate or ite
What is the name of NO3-
Nitrate ion
What is the name of NO2-
Nitirite Ion
What is the name of SO4 2-
sulfate ion
What is the name of SO3 2- ion?
sulfite ion
When do you have to use prefixes when there is an O?
when it is the halogens and oxygen
ClO4- name?
perchlorate
ClO3-
chlorate
ClO2 - name?
chlorite ion
ClO- name?
hypochlorite
How do you name an acid when you add an anion with H+?Ex: HCl
ide+H+= hydro__ic acid
ex: hydrochloric acid
How do you name the acid with a H+ and a ate anion? Ex:HClO3 -
ate + H+ = __ic acid
Ex: Chloric acid
How do you name the acid when you add H+ and an ite anion? Ex: HClO-
___it + H+ =___ous acid
Ex: Hydrochlorous acid
How do you name an anion when you add a H+ and a oxyanion? CO3 2-
adding the word hydrogen or dihydrogen as a prefix
Ex:Hydrogen carbonate ion
How do you name ionic compounds?Ex: CaCl2
cation name followed by the anion name
Ex: calcium chloride
how to name binary molecular compounds?
the name of the element farther to left in the periodic table is usually written first if it contains in halogen but F the oxygen is written last
How to name binary molecular compounds if both elements are in the same group?
the one closer to the bottom of the table is named first
what is given to the second element when naming binary molecular compounds?
the name of the second element is given an ide ending
How do youj indicate the number of atoms when naming a binary molecular compound?
greek prefixes like mono, di
What is the meaning of penta?
5
What is the meaning of hexa?
6
What is the meaning of hepta?
7
what are hydrocarbons?
compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen
What is a alkane?
compounds of carbon and hydrogen containing only carbon-carbon single bonds
what is the name of the alkane with one carbon?what is its molecuar formula?
Methane CH4
What is the name of the alkane with two carbons?What is its molecular formula?
Ehtane, C2H6
What is the name of the alkane with three carbons? What is its molecular formula?
Propane, C3H8
What is the name of the alkane with four carbons? What is its molecular formula?
Butane, C4H10
After Butane how do you name the alkane molecualr compounds?Starts after 4 Ex: C6H14
Use the prefix for the number of carbons and add ane to the end.
Ex: hexane
What is the first step in nameing alkanes?
find the longest continous chain of carbon atoms and use the name of this chain as the base name(ending)( number of carbons)
what is the second step in naming alkanes?
number the carbon atoms in the longest cahing, beginning with the end neareast a substituent(the ending)
What is the third step in naming the alkanes?
name each substituent
What is the name of the CH3
methyl
what is the name of CH3CH2
Ethyl
What is the name of CH3CH2CH2
Propyl
What is the name of CH3CH2CH2CH2
Butyl
What is the third step in naming the alkanes?
beging the name with the number or numbers of the carbon or carbons which each susbtituent is bonded.
When there is one carbon and one OH what is the name?
Methanol
When there is two carbons and one OH what is the name?
Ehtanol
When there is 3 carbons and one OH what is the name?
1-Propanol
