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Chemistry > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

the law of constant composition

A

substance changes its physical appearance but not its composition:

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2
Q

law of conservation of mass

A

The total mass of materials present after a chemical reaction is the same as the total mass present before the reaction.

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3
Q

law of multiple porportions

A

If two elements A and B combine to form more than one compound, the masses of B that can combine with a given mass of A are in the ratio of small whole numbers.

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4
Q

Who discovered atomic theory of matter?

A

daltons atomic theory

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5
Q

What are cathode rays?

A

streams of electrons that are produced when a high voltage is applied to electrodes in an evacutaed tube

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6
Q

What did thompson theorize?

A

described cathode rays as streams of negatively charged particles that we now call electrons.

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7
Q

What did thomson discover?

A

electrons

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8
Q

What is radioactivity?

A

spontaneos emission of radiation

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9
Q

Who discovered the different types of radiation?

A

rutherfrod

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10
Q

What are three types of radiation?

A

alpha, beta, and gamma

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11
Q

What happens paths of beta and alpha radiation when it goes through an electric field?

A

bent in the opposite direction

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12
Q

what happens to the path of gamma radiation as it goes through an electric field

A

unaffected

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13
Q

What are beta particales?

A

high-speed electrons that can be considered the radioactive equivalent of cathode rays.

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14
Q

Are beta particles negative or positive?

A

negative charge

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15
Q

What is beta particles attracted to?

A

positiviely charged plates

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16
Q

Are alpha particles positive or negative?

A

positive charge

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17
Q

What are the alpha particles attracted to?

A

the negative plate

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18
Q

What charge does beta particles have?

A

-1

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19
Q

what charge does alpha particles have?

A

+2

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20
Q

Does gamma radiaton have a charge?

A

no

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21
Q

What did thomson theorize on the model of the atom?

A

atom consists of a uniform postivie sphere of matter in which the mass is evently distributed in which the electrons are embedded in it

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22
Q

what did thomson call his model of the atom?

A

plum-pudding model

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23
Q

what was rutherford model called?

A

nuclear model

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24
Q

What was the nuclear model?

A

the mass of each gold atom and all of its positive charge reside in a very small, extremely dense region that he called the nucleus.

He postulated further that most of the volume of an atom is empty space in which electrons move around the nucleus.

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25
Q

How many m is in 1 Å

A

1 x 10^-10

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26
Q

Why are electrons attracted to the protons?

A

electrostatic forces between particles of opposite electrial charges

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27
Q

List the particles in smallest to greatest mass?

A

Protons=Neutrons>Electrons

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28
Q

Where is the mass number located?

A

subscript at the top

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29
Q

What is the mass number

A

protons+neutrons

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30
Q

How to find the atomic weight when given the isotpoes?

A

(% of isotope x mass)+ if there is another isotope the same thing.

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31
Q

Which group is the alkali metals in?

A

1A

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32
Q

What group is the alkaline earth metals in?

A

2A

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33
Q

what group is the chalcogens in?

A

6A

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34
Q

What group is the halogens in?

A

7A

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35
Q

What are the characteristic properties of metals?

A

luster, high electrical and heat conductivity, solid at room temp but Hg

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36
Q

What are characteristcs of nonmetals?

A

some are gaseous, solid, one is liquid

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37
Q

What are diatomic molecules?

A

a molecule made up of two atoms

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38
Q

what are the 7 diatomic molecules

A

H,O,N,F,Cl,Br,I

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39
Q

What are molecular compounds?

A

Compounds composed of molecules that contain more than one type of atom are

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40
Q

What is the difference between the molecular formula and the empirical formula?

A

molecular the normal amount of atoms a normal balanced chemical equation emphiral you wont only one atom of compound to be produced

41
Q

How to find the emprirical formula when given the molecular formula?

A

smallest whole number ratio. dividing each subscript by the largest common factor

42
Q

What are perspective drawings?

A

show it on a plane with dahsed lines wedges and solid lines

43
Q

what is the ball and stick model?

A

shows atoms as spheres and bonds as sticsk looks 3D

44
Q

What is the space-filling model

A

depict what a molecule would look like if the atoms were scaled up in size all the atoms are attached together

45
Q

How is an ion formed?

A

electrons are removed from or added to an atom

46
Q

What is a postice charged ion?

A

cation

47
Q

what is a negatively charged ion?

A

anion

48
Q

When you lose an electron is the atom positive or negative and what is it called? does it get bigger or smallewr?

A

Positive and is called a cation, smaller

49
Q

When an atom gains an electron does it become negative, what is it called, does it get bigger or smaller?

A

Negative, anion, bigger

50
Q

what are polyatomic ions?

A

which consist of atoms joined as in a molecule, but carrying a net positive or negative charge

51
Q

What is an ionic compound?

A

a compound made up of cation and anions by transferring electrons

52
Q

What is an ionic compound usually composed of?

A

metals and nonmetals

53
Q

How to write the emphircal formula for the compound of ions?

A

make it a neutral ionic compound

54
Q

For ions that have multiple charges what is the name of ions that have a 2+ charge called?

A

add ous

ex Fe2+ ferrous ion

55
Q

For ions with multiple charges what is the name of the 3+ charge called?

A

add ic

ex: Fe3+ ferric ion

56
Q

How do you name a cation?

A

add ion to the end if it has multiple charges put it in ()

57
Q

How do you name cations thate are formed from molecules composed of nonmetal atoms? Ex:NH4+

A

end in ium Ex: ammonium ion

58
Q

What is the name of monatomic anions?

A

replacing the ending of the name of the element with ide

ex: H- is hydride ion

59
Q

What are the two polyatomic anions that have the names ending in ide

A

OH- hydroxide ion, CN- cyanide ion, O2 2- peroxide ion

60
Q

what are the polyatomic anions called containing oxygens?

A

ate or ite

61
Q

What is the name of NO3-

A

Nitrate ion

62
Q

What is the name of NO2-

A

Nitirite Ion

63
Q

What is the name of SO4 2-

A

sulfate ion

64
Q

What is the name of SO3 2- ion?

A

sulfite ion

65
Q

When do you have to use prefixes when there is an O?

A

when it is the halogens and oxygen

66
Q

ClO4- name?

A

perchlorate

67
Q

ClO3-

A

chlorate

68
Q

ClO2 - name?

A

chlorite ion

69
Q

ClO- name?

A

hypochlorite

70
Q

How do you name an acid when you add an anion with H+?Ex: HCl

A

ide+H+= hydro__ic acid
ex: hydrochloric acid

71
Q

How do you name the acid with a H+ and a ate anion? Ex:HClO3 -

A

ate + H+ = __ic acid
Ex: Chloric acid

72
Q

How do you name the acid when you add H+ and an ite anion? Ex: HClO-

A

___it + H+ =___ous acid
Ex: Hydrochlorous acid

73
Q

How do you name an anion when you add a H+ and a oxyanion? CO3 2-

A

adding the word hydrogen or dihydrogen as a prefix
Ex:Hydrogen carbonate ion

74
Q

How do you name ionic compounds?Ex: CaCl2

A

cation name followed by the anion name
Ex: calcium chloride

75
Q

how to name binary molecular compounds?

A

the name of the element farther to left in the periodic table is usually written first if it contains in halogen but F the oxygen is written last

76
Q

How to name binary molecular compounds if both elements are in the same group?

A

the one closer to the bottom of the table is named first

77
Q

what is given to the second element when naming binary molecular compounds?

A

the name of the second element is given an ide ending

78
Q

How do youj indicate the number of atoms when naming a binary molecular compound?

A

greek prefixes like mono, di

79
Q

What is the meaning of penta?

A

5

80
Q

What is the meaning of hexa?

A

6

81
Q

What is the meaning of hepta?

A

7

82
Q

what are hydrocarbons?

A

compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen

83
Q

What is a alkane?

A

compounds of carbon and hydrogen containing only carbon-carbon single bonds

84
Q

what is the name of the alkane with one carbon?what is its molecuar formula?

A

Methane CH4

85
Q

What is the name of the alkane with two carbons?What is its molecular formula?

A

Ehtane, C2H6

86
Q

What is the name of the alkane with three carbons? What is its molecular formula?

A

Propane, C3H8

87
Q

What is the name of the alkane with four carbons? What is its molecular formula?

A

Butane, C4H10

88
Q

After Butane how do you name the alkane molecualr compounds?Starts after 4 Ex: C6H14

A

Use the prefix for the number of carbons and add ane to the end.
Ex: hexane

89
Q

What is the first step in nameing alkanes?

A

find the longest continous chain of carbon atoms and use the name of this chain as the base name(ending)( number of carbons)

90
Q

what is the second step in naming alkanes?

A

number the carbon atoms in the longest cahing, beginning with the end neareast a substituent(the ending)

91
Q

What is the third step in naming the alkanes?

A

name each substituent

92
Q

What is the name of the CH3

A

methyl

93
Q

what is the name of CH3CH2

A

Ethyl

94
Q

What is the name of CH3CH2CH2

A

Propyl

95
Q

What is the name of CH3CH2CH2CH2

A

Butyl

96
Q

What is the third step in naming the alkanes?

A

beging the name with the number or numbers of the carbon or carbons which each susbtituent is bonded.

97
Q

When there is one carbon and one OH what is the name?

A

Methanol

98
Q

When there is two carbons and one OH what is the name?

A

Ehtanol

99
Q

When there is 3 carbons and one OH what is the name?

A

1-Propanol

Chemistry (13 decks)

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