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Chemistry > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What force holds particles together in liquids?

A

intermolecular attractive forces

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2
Q

What does increasing pressure or decreasing temerpature casue the liquid particles to do?

A

lock particles ina crystalline arrangement

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3
Q

How can you transfomr a gas to a liquid?

A

temerpature of a gas decreases, average kinetic energy decreasing allowing the attractions between teh paeticles to draw the particles close together,

increasing the pressure

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4
Q

As attractive forces get stronger what happens to the temerpature at which teh liquid boils?

A

increases

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5
Q

What happens to the melting point as intermolecular forces increase?

A

increases

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6
Q

What are the three types of intermolecualr forces?

A

dipersion forces, dipole-dipole attractions, hydrogen bonding

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7
Q

What is dispersion froce

A

resulting from attraction between induce dipoles

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8
Q

What does dipersion force depend on?

A

polarizability

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9
Q

what is polarizability?

A

the ease with which the electron cloud of an atom or a molecule is distorted by an outside influence, inducing a dipole moment

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10
Q

What does polarizability do as number of electrons increase?

A

increases

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11
Q

What does polarizability do as volume increases?

A

increases

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12
Q

What does dipersion force do as molecular weight increases?

A

increases

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13
Q

What happens to boiling point as dipersion froces increase(get stronger)

A

increases

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14
Q

Does linear molecules increase or decrease the dipersion forces?

A

increases

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15
Q

Does spherical molecules increase or decrease the dipersion force?

A

decreases

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16
Q

If a substance is hard to polarize what happens to the boling point?

A

decreases

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17
Q

What are dipole-dipole interactions?

A

a force that becomes significant when polar molecules come in close contact with one another

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18
Q

What effeces dipole-dipole interactions?

A

increaes polarity

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19
Q

When dipole moment increases what does the boiling poiint do?

A

increase

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20
Q

Which is bigger dipole-dipole interaction or disperison forces when the two molecules are the same size and shape?

A

dipole-dipole interactions

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21
Q

Which is more domiant if one molecule is larger than another? (dipole-dipole moment or dispersion forces)

A

dipersion force

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22
Q

What does boiling point do as you go down group 4A,5A,6A,and 7A elements?

A

increases

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23
Q

What is hydrogen bond?

A

an attraction between a hydrogen atom attached to a highly electronegative atom and a nearby small electronegative atom in another molecule or chemicla group

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24
Q

When electroegativity increases what does hydrogen bonding do?

A

increase

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25
Q

What does hydrogen bonding make the molecules do in ice?

A

makes the molecules farther apart in ice than in liquid water causing ice to be more dense

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26
Q

What is an ion-dipole force?

A

the force that exists between an ion and a polar molecule that possesses a permanet dipole moment

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27
Q

Which intermolecular force is found in all susbtacnaes?

A

dispersion forces

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28
Q

What kind of molecules is dipole-dipole interactions in?

A

All polar molecules

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29
Q

What kind of molecules is hydrogen bonding in?

A

polar molecules containing OH, NH, or HF groups

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30
Q

What kind of molecules is ion-dipole interactions found in?

A

ionic solids dissolved in polar liquids

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31
Q

When the molecules of two substances have the same molecular weight and shape what is the dispersion force?

A

equal in the two substances

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32
Q

When the molecule of two substance differ in molecular weight and there is no hydrogen bonding what is the disperison froces

A

dispersion forces tend to determine which substance has the stronger intermolecular atteactions

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33
Q

when they have the same shape and the same molecular weight and they have hydrogen bonding
How do you determine which one is stronger?

A

Which one has the most Hydrogens

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34
Q

What is viscosity?

A

the resistance of a liquid to flow

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35
Q

What happens to flow of a liquid when the viscoisty increases?

A

more slowly

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36
Q

What does viscosity depend on?

A

attractive forces between molecules as well as their shape and flexibility

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37
Q

As the length and flexibility of a molecule increases what happens to the viscoisty?

A

increases

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38
Q

As molecular weight increases what happens to the viscosity?

A

increases

39
Q

What happens to the viscosity of a substance as the temerpature increases

A

decreases

40
Q

What is surface tension?

A

the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a amount

41
Q

What are cohesive forces?

A

intermolecular forces taht bind similar molecules to one another

42
Q

What are adhesive forces?

A

intermolecular forces that bind a substance to a surface

43
Q

Why is there a mensicus in water?

A

due to the adhesive forces between the water and the glass being greater than the cohesive forces

44
Q

What is capilary action?

A

the proces by which a liquid rises in a tube

45
Q

What causes capillary action?

A

the combination of adhesion to the walls of the tube and cohesion between liquid particles

46
Q

Does adhesive forces increase or decrease teh surface tension?

A

increases

47
Q

When there is more carbons does it increase or decrease viscoisty?

A

increases

48
Q

What are phase changes?

A

Changes of state

49
Q

When a solid goes to liquid what is the name of the process?

A

fusion or melting

50
Q

When a solid changes to a liquid does the energy increase or decrease?

A

energy is added(endothermic)

51
Q

When a liquid changes to a solid what is it called?

A

freezing

52
Q

When a liquid changes to a solid does it gain or lose energy?

A

energy is released

53
Q

When a liquid changes to a gas what is it called?

A

vaporization

54
Q

When a liquid changes to a gas does it lose or gain energy?

A

gain energy

55
Q

When a gas goes to a liquid what is it called?

A

condensation

56
Q

When a gas goes to a liquid does it lose or gain energy?

A

loses energy

57
Q

When a gas goes to a solid what is it called?

A

Deposition

58
Q

When a gas goes to a solid does it lose or gain energy?

A

energy is released

59
Q

When a solid goes to a gas what is it called?

A

sublimation

60
Q

When a solid goes to a gas does it lose or gain energy?

A

energy added

61
Q

What is heat of fusion?

A

the enthalpy change, ∆H for melting a solid

62
Q

What does vapor pressure do as temeprature increases?

A

increases

63
Q

What is heat of vaporization?

A

the enthalpy change, ∆H for vaporization of a liquid

64
Q

What is heat of sublimation?

A

the enthalpy change, ∆H for vaporization of a solid

65
Q

When it is a diagnol line is it a phase change or heating up?

A

heating up

66
Q

When it is a solid line on the heating curve is it a phase change or temperature change?

A

phase change

67
Q

How do you find phase change?

A

n∆H

68
Q

How do you find specific heat?

A

mc∆T

69
Q

What is critical temperature?

A

the highest temperature at which a liquid phase can form

70
Q

What causes critical temperature to increase?

A

increase in magnitude of intrmolecular forces

71
Q

What is critical pressure

A

the pressure at which a gas at its critical temperature is converted to a liquid state

72
Q

As molecular weight or polarity increases what happens to the critical temperature and pressure

A

increases

73
Q

What is a supercritical fluid?

A

the state that exists when liquid and gas phases are indistinguishable from each other as the temp exceeds critical temp and the pressure exceeds critical pressure

74
Q

What is vapor pressure?

A

the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrum with its liquid or solid phase

75
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

a state of balance in which opposing process occur at the same rate

76
Q

What happens to the pressure molecules that are exerted as more molecules escape?

A

increase

77
Q

What is the boiling point of a liquid?

A

the temp where the vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure

78
Q

What is the vapor pressure at for normal boiling point?

A

1atm or 760 torr

79
Q

As boiling point increases what happens to the vapor pressure?

A

decreases

80
Q

As boiling point increases what happens to the intermoleculr forces?

A

become stronger

81
Q

What is pressure inversely propotional to?

A

temperature

82
Q

What is the equation to find vapor pressure

A

ln(P2/P1)=-∆Hvap/R(1/T2p 1/T1)

83
Q

What is a phase diagram?

A

a graphic way to summarize the conditions under which equlibria exist between teh different states of matter

84
Q

What does C represent on the phase diagram?

A

critical point
critical pressure and temp

85
Q

What does the red curve represent on the phase diagram?

A

vapor pressure cuve

86
Q

What does the green curve represent on the phase diagram?

A

the sublimation curve

87
Q

What does the blue curve represent on the phase diagram?

A

melting curve

88
Q

What does the T represent on the phase diagram?

A

triple point

89
Q

What is a triple point?

A

the temp at which solid, liquid and gas phases coexist in equilibirum

90
Q

Temperature increases as you go which way on the phase diagram?

A

to the right

91
Q

As you move up the phase digram what happens?

A

the pressure increases

92
Q

Why is the curve of vapor pressure flipped on the H20 diagrma?

A

since the dneisty of solid is smaller then liquid

93
Q

Why is the vapor pressure line not as curved on the carbon dioxide phase diagram?

A

solid is more dense then liquid

94
Q

Where is sublimation located on the phase digram?

A

below critical pressure or critical point

Chemistry (13 decks)

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