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Pharm > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

absorption

A

what happens to a drug from the time it enters the body until it enters the circulating fluid. IV administration causes the drug to directly enter the circulating blood, bypassing the many complications from other routes

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2
Q

active transport

A

the movement of substances across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient; this process requires the use of energy

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3
Q

Chemotherapeutic agents

A

Synthetic chemicals used to interfere with the functioning of foreign cell populations, causing cell death.

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4
Q

Critical concentration

A

the concentration a drug must reach in the tissues to cause the therapeutic desired effect

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5
Q

Distribution

A

movement of a drug to body tissues; places where the drug may be distributed

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6
Q

enzyme induction

A

A chemical that is transformed by an enzyme system in the liver = causes increased activity of the enzyme system

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7
Q

excretion

A

removal of a drug from the body; particularly occurs in the kidneys, but can also occur through the skin, lungs, bile or feces

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8
Q

first-pass effect

A

drugs are given orally -go to liver where they can be largely inactivated by liver enzymes before they can enter general circulation

*oral drugs are frequently given in higher doses due to this breakdown

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9
Q

glomerular filtration

A

the passage of water and water-soluble components from the plasma to the renal tubule

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10
Q

Half-life

A

The time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one-half of the peak level it previously achieved

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11
Q

Hepatic microsomal system

A

liver enzymes tightly packed together in the hepatic intracellular structure, responsible for the biotransformation of chemicals

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12
Q

loading dose

A

the use of a higher dose then what is usually used for treatment to allow the drug to reach critical concentration sooner

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13
Q

Passive diffusion

A

movement of substsances across a semipermeable membrane with a concentration gradient; does not require energy

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14
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Study of interactions between the chemicals of living systems and foreign chemicals, that enter living organisms.

*the way a drug effects the body

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15
Q

pharmacogenetics

A

the study of genetically determined variations in response to drugs

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16
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

the way the body deals with a drug
including absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion

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17
Q

placebo effect

A

documented effect of the mind on drug therapy

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18
Q

receptor sites

A

specific areas on cell membranes that react with certain chemicals to cause an effect within the cell

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19
Q

Selective toxicity

A

Property of a chemotherapeutic agent that effects only systems found in forgein cells, without affecting healthy human cells

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20
Q

Drugs usually work in 1 of 4 ways?

A
  1. to replace or act as subs for missing chemicals
  2. to increase or stimulate certain cellular activities
  3. To depress or slow certain cellular activities
  4. to interfere with the functioning of foreign cells
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21
Q

The interaction between a chemical and receptor of a site affects enzyme systems within the cell. The affected enzymes then produce certain effects such as,

A

increased or decreased cellular activity, changes in cell membrane permeability, or alterations in cellular metabolism

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22
Q

Agonist

A

drugs that interact directly with receptor sites to cause the same activity as natural chemicals

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23
Q

Antagonist

A

binds to receptor site and blocks drug from binding

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24
Q

Competetive antagonist

A

binds to different receptor sites but still prevents drug from binding

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25
Q

noncompetetive antagonist

A

can prevent the action of an agonist without any effect on the binding of the agonist to the receptor.

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26
Q

What is a drug that has selective toxicity?

A

Penicillin

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27
Q

Pharmacokinetic considerations include

A

onset of drug action (time to effects)
drug half life
timing of the peak effect
duration of drug effects
metabolism of drug effects
site of excretion

28
Q

Fill in the blacked out parts

A

Tissue - site of action (therapeutic, toxic)
Tissue - storage sites (fat or protein)

29
Q

Fill in the blacked out parts

A

Reabsorption
Excretion by: kidney, bile, lungs, etc
Reabsorption

30
Q

Fill in the blacked out parts

A

Biotransformation in : Liver, kidneys, plasma, etc

31
Q

Fill in the blacked out parts

A

Drug dose administered to
Gi tract, muscle, subcutaneous tissue

32
Q

What 2 drugs in the book are started with a loading dose?

A

Digoxin & xanthine bronchodialator

33
Q

Dynamic equilibrium involves the rate of several processes

A

absorption from the site of entry
distribution to the active site
biotransformation in the liver
excretion from the body

** key elements in determining amount and frequency of drug

34
Q

What are the areas drugs can be absorbed

A

Rectally or orally to GI tract
through mucus membranes
through skin
through lungs
Muscle or subcuteanous tissue

35
Q

ROUTE: Intravenous
FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION:

A

FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION: none, direct entry to circulatory system

36
Q

ROUTE: Intramusclular
FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION:

A

Perfusion or blood flow to the muscle
fat content of muscle
Temp of muscle

37
Q

ROUTE: Subcutaneous
FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION:

A

Blood flow to tissue
Fat content
temp

38
Q

ROUTE: PO oral
FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION:

A

Acidity of stomach
length of time in stomach
blood flow to GI tract
presence of interacting foods or drugs

39
Q

ROUTE: PR rectal
FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION:

A

Blood flow to rectum
lesions in rectum
length of time retained for absorption

40
Q

ROUTE: Mucous membranes (buccal or sublingual)
FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION:

A

Blood flow to area
integrity of membranes
Presence of food or smoking
length of time in area

41
Q

ROUTE: Topical (skin)
FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION:

A

Blood flow to area
integrity of skin

42
Q

ROUTE: Inhalation
FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION:

A

Blood flow to the area
integrity of lung lining
ability to administer drug properly

43
Q

Drugs can be absorbed through the cells through what processes

A

Passive diffusion
Active transport
Filtration

44
Q

Passive diffusion occurs quickly if

A

drug molecule is small
soluable in water and lipids
has no electrical charge

45
Q

What are factors that can affect distrubiton?

A

drugs lipid soluability & ionization
perfusion at site

46
Q

Most drugs are bound to protien in the blood, the more bound the

A

the more difficult it can be for the medication to be released. The drug must be freed to act on tissues

Tightly bound = longer duration
loosely bound - shorter duration

47
Q

Some drugs compete for protien binding sites which can cause

A

Altering effectiveness or causing toxicity

48
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Protective system of cellular activity that keeps many things away from the CNS

49
Q

Drugs that are _____soluable are more likely to pass the BBB into the CNS

A

highly lipid soluable

**Important in treating brain infections with antibiotics//can only treat when infection is so severe it alters BBB

50
Q

What organ is the most important site of drug metabolism?

A

the liver

**the liver detoxifies many chemicals and uses others to produce enzymes and structures

51
Q

Drugs that are taken orally are usually absorbed from —– to —-

A

from small intestine to portal venous system

52
Q

What is the first pass effect?

A

a large % of the oral dose is destroyed and never reaches the tissues

**recommended dose of oral drug is usually higher due to this an other forms of the drug

53
Q

Phase I biotransformation involves oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis of the drug via

A

cytochrome P450 system of enzymes

***abundant in liver

54
Q

Drugs that increase cytochromse P450 system enzymes

A

Nicotine
Alcohol
glucocorticoid

55
Q

Drugs that decrease cytochrome P450 system enzymes

A

ketoconazole
Amiodarone
Quinidine

56
Q

Drugs that have been made water soluable in the liver are often readily excreted from —- by —

A

Kidneys by glomerular filtration

57
Q

What 2 things should you consider before administering a drug?

A

patients kidney function, liver function and urine acidity

58
Q

If the liver is not functioning properly what can happen to the drug

A

may not be metabolized correctly and may be toxic

59
Q

If the kidneys is not functioning properly what can happen to the drug

A

drug may not be excreted properly and may accumulate in body

60
Q

What are factors that affect the bodys response to a drug

A

Weight, age, gender, physiological factors (hydration, acid/base), pathological factors (disease), genetic, immunological (allergies), psychological, environment, drug tolerance, interactions

61
Q

Recommended drug does are based on drug eval studies and on —LB person

A

150lbs

62
Q

What is the fried rule for pediatric doses

A

(1-2 years) = age in months
_________________
150
X AVG adult does

63
Q

What is the young rule for pediatric doses

A

(1-12 years) = Childs age/ childs age+12 X avg adult dose

64
Q

What is the clark rule for pediatric doses

A

LB of child/150 X avg adult dose

65
Q

What is the surface area rule for pediatric doses

A

surface area of child sq m/1.73 X avg adult dose

66
Q

The goal of establishing dosing schedules is

A

to achieve critical concentration in the body

Pharm (16 decks)

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