Ch 23 and 38

Question 1

Absence seizure

Answer 1

A generalized seizure that is characterized by sudden, temporary loss of consciousness, sometimes with blank staring or blinking for 3-5 sec.

Formerly known as a petit mal seizure

Question 2

Antiepileptic

Answer 2

Drug used to treat abnormal and excessive energy burst int he brain that are characteristic of epilepsy

Question 3

Convulsion

Answer 3

Tonic-clonic muscular reaction to excessive electrical energy arising from nerve cells in brain

Question 4

Epilepsy

Answer 4

Collection of various syndromes, all of which are characterized by seizures

Question 5

Generalized seizure

Answer 5

Seizure that begins in one area of the brain and rapidly spreads throughout hemispheres

Question 6

Partial seizures

Answer 6

AKA focal seizures; Seizures involving one area of brain that do not spread throughout entire organ

Question 7

Seizure

Answer 7

Sudden discharge of excessive electrical energy from nerve cells in the brain

Question 8

Status epilepticus

Answer 8

State in which seizures rapidly recur; most severe form of generalized seizure

Question 9

Tonic-clonic seizure

Answer 9

Generalized seizure that is characterized by serious involuntary muscle contractions followed by relaxation appearing as an aggressive spasm in addition to loss of consciousness, with exhaustion and little memory of the event on awakening; formally known as a grand mal seizure

Question 10

adiponectin

Answer 10

Hormone produced by adipocytes that acts to increase insulin sensitivity, decrease the release of glucose from liver, and protect the blood vessels from inflammatory changes

Question 11

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 11

a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels and altered metabolism of proteins and fats. associated with thickening of the basement membrane, leading to numerous complications

Question 12

dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)

Answer 12

enzyme that quickly metabolizes glucagon-like polypeptide-1

Question 13

endocannabinoid receptors

Answer 13

receptors found in the adipose tissue, muscles, liver, satiety center, and GI tract that are part of a signaling system within the body to keep the body in a state of energy gain

Question 14

Glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1)

Answer 14

a peptide produced in GI tract in response to carbohydrates that increase insulin release, decreases glucagon release, slows GI emptying and stimulates the satiety center in the brain

Question 15

Glycogen

Answer 15

storage form of glucose; can be broken down for rapid glucose level increases during time of stress

Question 16

glycosuria

Answer 16

presences of glucose in the urine

Question 17

glycosylated hemoglobin

Answer 17

a blood glucose marker that provides a 3 month average of blood glucose levels

Question 18

hyperglycemia

Answer 18

elevated blood glucose levels leading to multiple signs and symptoms and abnormal metabolic pathways

Question 19

hypoglycemia

Answer 19

Lower than normal blood sugar, often results from imbalance between insulin or oral agents and patients eating, activity, and stress; sympomts of hypoglycemia may be seen if blood sugar is 70mg/dl or lower

Question 20

incretins

Answer 20

peptides that are produced in the GI tract in response to food that help modulate insulin and glucagon activity

Question 21

insulin

Answer 21

hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas; stimulates insulin receptor sites to move glucose into the cells; promotes storage of fat and glucose in body

Question 22

ketosis

Answer 22

breakdown of fats for energy, resulting in an increase of ketones to be excreted from the body

Question 23

Polydipsia

Answer 23

increased thirst; seen in diabetes when loss of fluid and increased tonicity of the blood lead the hypothalamic thirst center to make the patient feel thirsty

Question 24

polyphagia

Answer 24

increased hunger; sign of diabetes when cells cannot use glucose for energy and feel that they are starving, causing hunger

Question 25

Sulfonylureas

Answer 25

oral antidiabetic agents used to stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin