Ch 23 and 38 Flashcards
Absence seizure
A generalized seizure that is characterized by sudden, temporary loss of consciousness, sometimes with blank staring or blinking for 3-5 sec.
Formerly known as a petit mal seizure
Antiepileptic
Drug used to treat abnormal and excessive energy burst int he brain that are characteristic of epilepsy
Convulsion
Tonic-clonic muscular reaction to excessive electrical energy arising from nerve cells in brain
Epilepsy
Collection of various syndromes, all of which are characterized by seizures
Generalized seizure
Seizure that begins in one area of the brain and rapidly spreads throughout hemispheres
Partial seizures
AKA focal seizures; Seizures involving one area of brain that do not spread throughout entire organ
Seizure
Sudden discharge of excessive electrical energy from nerve cells in the brain
Status epilepticus
State in which seizures rapidly recur; most severe form of generalized seizure
Tonic-clonic seizure
Generalized seizure that is characterized by serious involuntary muscle contractions followed by relaxation appearing as an aggressive spasm in addition to loss of consciousness, with exhaustion and little memory of the event on awakening; formally known as a grand mal seizure
adiponectin
Hormone produced by adipocytes that acts to increase insulin sensitivity, decrease the release of glucose from liver, and protect the blood vessels from inflammatory changes
Diabetes mellitus
a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels and altered metabolism of proteins and fats. associated with thickening of the basement membrane, leading to numerous complications
dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)
enzyme that quickly metabolizes glucagon-like polypeptide-1
endocannabinoid receptors
receptors found in the adipose tissue, muscles, liver, satiety center, and GI tract that are part of a signaling system within the body to keep the body in a state of energy gain
Glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1)
a peptide produced in GI tract in response to carbohydrates that increase insulin release, decreases glucagon release, slows GI emptying and stimulates the satiety center in the brain
Glycogen
storage form of glucose; can be broken down for rapid glucose level increases during time of stress
glycosuria
presences of glucose in the urine
glycosylated hemoglobin
a blood glucose marker that provides a 3 month average of blood glucose levels
hyperglycemia
elevated blood glucose levels leading to multiple signs and symptoms and abnormal metabolic pathways
hypoglycemia
Lower than normal blood sugar, often results from imbalance between insulin or oral agents and patients eating, activity, and stress; sympomts of hypoglycemia may be seen if blood sugar is 70mg/dl or lower
incretins
peptides that are produced in the GI tract in response to food that help modulate insulin and glucagon activity
insulin
hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas; stimulates insulin receptor sites to move glucose into the cells; promotes storage of fat and glucose in body
ketosis
breakdown of fats for energy, resulting in an increase of ketones to be excreted from the body
Polydipsia
increased thirst; seen in diabetes when loss of fluid and increased tonicity of the blood lead the hypothalamic thirst center to make the patient feel thirsty
polyphagia
increased hunger; sign of diabetes when cells cannot use glucose for energy and feel that they are starving, causing hunger
